4- 5 UNIT NOTES

UNIT 1

1- READING :- 

-A HORSE AND TWO GOATS

“A Horse and Two Goats”is a short story written by acclaimed Indian writer R.K. Narayan. The story takes place in Kritam, one of the smallest of India’s seven hundred thousand villages. There are only thirty houses in the village, most of them simple thatched huts. The only sophisticated residence in the village is the Big House, a brick and cement building from whose well the local villagers get their water. Muni, an old goat herder, lives with his wife in one of the huts. One day, Muni picks some “drumsticks,” or seed pods, from the tree in front of his home and asks his wife to cook them in a sauce for him to eat. Because of the couple’s poverty, Muni’s daily meals usually consist of only millet and an onion at lunch. Muni’s wife agrees to make the sauce if he can get all of the necessary ingredients from the village shop:.. Muni goes home and tells his wife to sell the drumsticks, since he could not get the ingredients for the sauce. He then takes his flock of goats and goes to the highway to let them graze as usual. While he is there, he sits on a pedestal at the base of a clay statue depicting a majestic horse and warrior. The statue had been there since Muni was a young child, and his grandfather had explained to him that the horse in the statue was a reference to the mythical horse Kalki, who according to Tamil legend will come to life when the world ends and trample all bad men. While Muni is sitting there, he sees a yellow station wagon coming towards him down the highway. The car runs out of gas and comes to a stop on the road in front of the statue. A white foreigner gets out of the car and asks Muni in English whether there is a gas station nearby. However, Muni cannot communicate with him because he does not speak English and the foreigner does not speak Tamil. The foreigner, who tells Muni he is a coffee trader from New York, takes an interest in the statue and wants to buy it. He offers to pay Muni for the statue, thinking that it belongs to him. Muni does not understand what the foreigner wants, and initially mistakes him for a police officer, because he is dressed in khaki. Muni believes the man had arrived to investigate a dead body that was found on the border between Kritam and a neighboring village a few weeks before. He tells him that he does not know anything about the incident and that the murderer probably lives in the other village. The foreigner does not understand. He offers Muni some cigarettes, and explains that he and his wife, Ruth, decided to travel to India on vacation after a power failure in the Empire State Building forced him to work four hours without air conditioning on a hot summer day. Muni eventually realizes that the foreigner is interested in the statue, and starts explaining the statue’s history and the legend of Kalki to him. He talks about
the Hindi religion and asks the foreigner about his family while the latter tries to negotiate a price for the statue and says that it would look good in his living room. The conversation continues for a while before the foreigner gives Muni a hundred-rupee note and asks him to help move the statue to his car. Muni believes at first that the foreigner is asking him for change, and suggests that he go to the village money-lender. When the foreigner stoops down to pet some of his goats, however, Muni mistakenly believes that the man is giving him a hundred rupees to buy his flock. Elated, Muni accepts the man’s money and leaves the goats behind for him. Thinking Muni had agreed to sell him the statue, the foreigner flags down a passing truck and pays the men to help him detach the statue from the pedestal and move it to his car. He also pays to siphon off some of their gas so he can restart his engine. Muni goes home and shows his wife the hundred-rupee note, telling her that he received it from a foreign man who stopped to buy his goats. At that moment, however, the couple hears bleating outside their door and discover two of Muni’s goats standing there. Muni is confused, while his wife suspects him of stealing the money, and says she will go to her parents’ home because she does not want to be there when the police apprehend him. The main themes of the story are culture clash, miscommunication, money, wealth, and poverty. Narayan contrasts Muni’s impoverished but culturally rich lifestyle with the foreigner’s materialistic worldview, in which everything may be bought and paid for. While the horse statue carries great cultural and religious importance for Muni’s village, to the foreigner it is just a decorative item to serve as a talking piece during house parties.

2- VOCABULARY :-

 -PREFIXES

The following list of prefixes also includes some frequently used Greek and Latin stems and numerals. They cannot be presented exhaustively and therefore have exemplary character only.

Prefixes	Function/Meaning	Examples
a-, ab-, abs- a-, an-	Away, from  not, without	avert, apart, abrasive, abcess amorphous, achromatic, anhydrous
ad-, a- + double consonant	to, towards,near	adjust, adhesive, alleviate, attenuate
aer- , aero-	air	aerate, aeriform, aerodrome, aerodynamic
ambi-	two, both 1.  around, about 2.  both, in two ways	ambipolar, ambidextrous amphibolic, amphigenous amphimixis, amphiblastic
ana-	1.  up, back 2.  again	anabatic, anaphase anakinetic, anobalism
ante-, antero-	before	antecedent, antechamber, antero-lateral
anti-	against	anticorrosive, antifriction
apo-	from, away	apochromatic, apopetalous
arche- , archi-	first, chief, primitive	archecentra, archinephric
astro-	star, heavenly body	astronaut, astrobotany
auto-	self	autolubrication, automatic
bi-	1.  two 2. twice	bifurcation, bilateral bimonthly
bio-	life	biodegradable, biomass
calci-	lime, calcium	calciferous, calcifuge
cata-. Kata-	down, lower, under	catagenesis, katazone
centi-	hundred	centigrade, centimetre
circum-	round, around	circumference, circumscribe
co-, col-, com-, con-, cor-	with, together	coalesce, cosine, collateral, combine, connection, countercurrent
cyclo-	circle	cyclotron, cyclogram
de-	down, away	declivitous, deciduous, defrost, deionize
deca-	ten	decagon, decadic
deci-	one tenth	decilitre, decinormal
demi-	two, twice	dimeric, dioxide
dia-	through	diagonal, diaphanous
dich (a)-, dicho-	in two, double	dichasium, dichoptic
dis-	apart, away	disconnect, disintegrate
dys-	bad, hard, painful	dysphoria, dysentry
e-, ex-	out, away, out of	emit, evaporate, excrescence
electro-	electric	electromagnet, electrostatic
em-, en-	in	embed, enchase
endo-, emto-	within	endothermic, entoderm
epi-	upon,over	epicycloid, episcope
equi-	equal	equivalent, equidistant
eu-	well, good, normal, easy	eucephalous, eucyclic
exo-	outside	exothermic, exogenous
extra-	outside, beyond	extra-axillary, extranuclear
ferri-, ferro-	iron- containing  (trivalent or divalemt)	ferrimagnetism, ferricyanide
fore-	before	foremaker, foreground
geo-	earth	geology, geomagnetic
gyro-	rotation	gyroscope, gyrostatics
hecto-	a hundred	hectometer, hectolitre
hemi-	half	hemicycle, hemisphere
hepta-	seven	heptagon, heptavalent
hexa-, hexo-	six	hexagon, hexahedral, hexogen
holo-	whole	holocrystalline, holohedral
homo-	same	homogeneous, homochromatic
hydro-	water	hydroplane, hydrofoil
hygro-	wet	hygrostat, hygroscopic
hyper-	over, excessive	hypercritical, hyperoxygenation
hypo-	below, less	hyposulphuric acid, hypoxia
im-, in-, ir-, il-	1.negation 2. in, into	inoperative, immiscible, imbibe, incident, indent, irradiate, illumination
infra-	below, under	infrared, infraacoustic
inter-	between, among	intercooler, intercommunication
intra-, intro-	inside	intranuclear, introvert
iso-	equal	isoaxle, isometric
kilo-	one thousand	kilometer, kilowatt
macro-	large	macrocosm, macromolecular
mal-	bad, poor	malfunction, malodorous
mega-	1.large 2. one  million	megaphone, megascopic megaton, megawatt
meta-	after, beyond	metachromatic, metanephros
micro-	1.                  very small 2.                  one millionth	microcosm, microdrill microfarad, microsecond
milli-	one thousandth	millimeter, milliammeter
mini-	small	minicar, minicomputer
mis-	wrong, bad	misrun, misfire
mono-	single	monovalent, monochrome
multi-	many	multiform, multicontrol
non-	not	non-skid, non-linear
o-, ob-, oc-, op-	against, facing	obstruct, obturate
oct-, octa-, octo-	eight	octet, octagon, octopod
othro-	straight, upright	orthogonal, orthotropic
out-	beyond, more	outlast, outstanding
over-	above, more	oversaturation, overlap
pan-	all	panchromatic, panorama
par-, para-	similar, beside	parabola, paraldehyde,paranucleus
pent-, penta	five	pentode, pentagon
per-	through, completely	perforate, perennial
peri-	round, around	perimeter, perihelion
phono-	sound	phonograph, phonometry
photo-	light	photography, photostat
poly-	many	polyphase, polyvalent
post-	after	postsynchronize, postpone
pre-	before, prior, previous	preset, preselect
pro-	forth	protrude, propulsion
proto-	first, original	prototype, protoplasm
pseudo-	as if	pseudo-table, pseudosymmetry
pyro-	fire	pyrotechny, pyrophorous
quadr-, quadri-	four	quadrangle, quadrilateral
re-	repetition, restoring to original condition	retool, reprocess, recycle
retro-	back	retroactive, retro-rocket
self-	reflexive	self-contained, self-propelled
semi-	half	semi-permeable, semi-transparent
sterep-	1.  three-dimensional 2.  solid	stereophonic, stereocopic stereobate
sub-, suc-, suf-, sup-	under, less	substructure, subtract, suffocate, suppress
super-, supra-	above, over, more	supercharger, supraplasticity
sur-	over, more	surfused, surplus
sy-, syl-, sym-, syn-	together with, at the same time	syzygy, syllogism, symmetry, synchronize
synchro-	simultaneous	synchromesh, synchrotron
tele-	distant	teleprinter, television
tetra-	four	tetravalency, tetrabasic
thermo-	heat	thermonuclear, thermostable
trans-	across, beyond, over	transmissibility, transuranic
tri-	three	triangle, triacid
ultra-	beyond, more	ultra-audible, ultrahigh (frequency)
un-	negation	unserviceable, untrimmed
under-	less, below	undercurrent, underweight
uni-	one	unidimensional, uniflow
up-	up	upgrade, upstroke

- SUFFIXES

The following list omits the most common general language suffixes, viz. adgectival suffixes –able, -free, -full, -like; noun suffixes indicating ‘state’ –dom, -hood, -ship; noun suffixes indicating persons –ant, -ee, oer, -ese, -ess, -ian, -st; diminutive suffixes –et, -ette, -let, -y; the causative suffix set –ify, -ific, -ification; the suffix –ate which forms nouns, verbs and adjectives (enumerate, concentrate, indeterminate).

Suffixes	Function/Meaning	Examples
-age	forms mass abstract nouns	drainage, wreckage
-al	forms verbs forms nouns forms adjevtives (having the nature of )	bandage, package disposal, removal ornamental, mechanical
-ance	forms nouns (quality, action)	protuberance, maintenance
-ant	forms nouns forms adjectives	deodorant, lubricant resistant, absorbant
-ar	forms adjectives	angular, globular
-ary	forms adjectives	rotary, binary
- ce	forms nouns	sequence, valence
-cide	forms nouns (killing)	insecticide, fungicide
-cy	forms nouns (state)	accuracy, supremacy
-en	forms adjectives forms verbs	hepmen, woollen lengthen, widen
-(e)ry	forms nouns (collective/place)	machinery, rocketry, refinery, cannery
-esce	forms verbs(become)	incandesce, effervesce
-escence	forms nouns	incandescence, effervescence
-escent	forms adjectives	incandescent, effervescent
-gram	forms nouns (writing)	telegram, diagram
-graph	forms nouns (writing instrument)	seismograph, barograph
-ial	forms adjectives	terrestrial, celestial
-iasis	forms nouns(conditions/ disease)	psoriasis, amoebiasis
-ic, -ical	forms adjectives	carbonic, theoretic(al)
-id	forms adjectives	arid, rigid
-ile, -ble	forms adjectives	facile, flexible
-ine	forms adjectives(like)	saline, alkaline
-ite	forms adjectives(having the nature of)	ornitholite, porphyrite
-itis	forms nouns (inflammation)	phlebitis, sinusitis
-ity	forms nouns(state/condition)	rigidity, elasticity
-ive, -ative, -itive	forms adjectives	explosive, cumulative, sensitive
-ize (Brititsh English often –ise)	forms causative verbs	standardize, decilamize
-lent	forms adjectives	succulent, virulent
-men	forms nouns(state/condition)	limen, regimen
-meter	forms  nouns (device for measuring)	chronometer, altimeter
-oid	forms nouns (like) forms adjectives	spheroid, nucleoid ovoid, metalloid
-or	forms nouns (agent) (state)	donor, successor stupro,tremor
-ory	forms nouns (place) forms adjectives	laboratory, conservatory exploratory, migratory
-ose	forms nouns forms adjectives	cellulose, leguminose venose, ventricose
-osis	forms nouns(condition)	neurosis, fibrosis
-ous, -eous, -ious	forms adjectives	fibrous, erroneous, noxious
-sia, -ia	forms nouns (action, condition, property)	aphasia, hyperthemia, asphyxia
-sis	forms nouns	paralysis, osmosis
-ter, -tor	forms nouns(agent)	proctor, counter
-ude	forms abstract nouns(property)	altitude, magnitude
-ule	forms nouns	granule, globule
-y	forms nouns forms adjectives	synchrony, symmetry rusty, coppery

-ROOT WORD

1. Thei

Thei meaning god/religion

Ist meaning follower

Now adding different words

 Theist meaning the one who believes in god

 Atheist meaning the one who don’t believe

in god.

 Monotheist mono+theist mono(only one)

so monotheist means the one who believes

in one god.

 Polytheist Ploy means many so polytheists

means the one who believe in many gods.

 Pantheist Pan mean all over so pantheist is

one who believe in all gods across al

religion.

2. Logy

Logy means study of something

 Theology - Teho means god or religion so

theology means study of religion

 Anthropology - Anthrop means human

being so anthropology means study of

human being.

 Morphology - Morph means structure so

morphology means study of structures.

 Anthropomorphism - Its antrop+morph+ism

meaning is giving human structure to god.

 Zoomorphism - Its zo+morph+ism meaning

giving animal structure to god.

 Amorpic - It’s a+morph means no particular

structure.

3. Phobia

Phobia means fear or dislike

 Zoophobia - zoo+phobia means fear of

animal

 Androphobia - Andro means boys/male so

androphobia means the one who don’t like

boys.

 Gynophobia - Gyno means girl / women so

gynophobia means the one who don’t like

girls

 Pedophobia - Pedo means child so

pedophobia is the one who don’t like

children’s.

 Demophobia - demo means people so

demophobia means the one who fear of

public speaking.

 Anthropophobia - anthro means human

being so anthropophobia mean fear of

human being or the one who don’t like the

company of human being or in simple word

aloof (living alone)

 Theophobia - theo+phobia means fear of

religion

4. Cracy

Cracy means govt /system

 Democracy - demo+cracy means govt of

people

 Autocracy - auto+cracy means

dictatorship/kingship (when one person

rules the whole government or system)

 Theocracy - Theo+cracy means when

government is of religious people like priest,

bishops etc.

 Plutocracy - Pluto means wealthy so

plutocracy means when government is

controlled by wealthy people like

industrialist.

 Oligocracy - Oligo means selected few so

oligocracy means when selected few runs

the government.

 Mobocracy - Mob means crowd so

mobocracy means when crowd takes over

government or in other words lawlessness.

 Monarchy - monarc means top official like

king so monarchy is the rule of king.

 Anarchy - means lawlessness it’s just similar

to mobocracy .

 Gerontocracy - geron mean aged/

experienced so gerontocracy means when

position are determined by the experience

or the age.

 Meritocracy - merito means performance so

meritocracy means when positon are

decided by performance

 Cleptocracy - clepto means thief so

cleptocracy means when government is run

by thieves.

 Beaurocracy - beauro means top officials so

beaurocracy means when government is run

by top officials.

 Aristocracy - aristo means nobility so

aristocracy means when government is run

by noble families.

5. Somnia

Somnia sleepness

Insomnia means lack of sleep

 Somniferous - ferrous means things causing

something so somniferous are the things

that cause sleep like pills etc.

 Somnambulist - som+amb+ist here som

means sleep ambu means walk so

somnambulist means the one who walk

while sleeping.

 Ambulant - means things able to walk

 Somniloquist - loquist means talking so

somniloquist means the one who talks while

sleeping.

6. Cious

Cious means to do something

 Loquacious - loquis means talking so

lozuacious means the one who talks a lot

 Voracious - vora means eat so voracious

means the one who eats a lot.

 Avaricious - avari means greed so avaricious

means greedy

 Pugnacious - pug means fight so pugnacious

means the one who fights a lot.

7. Cide

Cide meaning kill/ murder

 Infanticide - infant+cide meaning to kill

child.

 uxoricide - uxor means wife so uxoricide

mean A husband who murders his wife.

 Mariticide - marit means husband so

maritcide mean The murder of a husband by

his wife.

 Patricide - patri means father so patricide

means A person who murders their father.

 Matricide - matri mean mother so matricide

means A person who murders their mother.

 Fratricide - frat means brother so fratricide

means A person who murders their brother.

10. Ambul

Walk,move

 Amble- to walk in a slow, relaxed way

 Ambulant- walking or moving

 Ambulance- a vehicle that moves a patient

11. Anim

Life, spirit

 Animal- a living organism;

 Animate- to make alive;

 Equanimity- of balanced spirit

12. Anti

Against, opposite of

 Antibody- a substance that destroys microorganisms

 Antiseptic- preventing infection;

 Antisocial- opposing social norm

13. Arbour

Tree

 Arborist- someone working with trees

 Arbour- a shady area formed by trees

 Arborous- having many trees

14. Auto

Self, same, one

 Autocrat- a person who governs with

absolute power

 Autograph- a person’s own signature

 Automatic- moving by itself

15. Bene

Good, well

 Benefactor- person who gives money to a

cause

 Beneficial- producing a good effect

 Benevolent- showing kindness or goodwill

16. Cata

Down, against completely intensive according to

 Cataclysm- a flood or other disaster

 Catalogue- a complete listing

 Catastrophe- turning for the worst, a

substantial disaster

17. Cert

sure

 Ascertain- to find out something with

certainty;

 Certain- being absolutely sure

 Certify to state that something is true

18. Circum

Around, about

 Circumnavigate- to sail around

 Circumscribe- to draw around

 Circumspect- looking around

 Circumvent- to go around or bypass

restrictions;

19. Clar

clear

 Clarification- an explanation

 Clarify- to make something clear

 wish, will to state something clearly

20. Cline

lean

 Inclination- a leaning toward

 Incline- a surface that slopes or leans

 Recline- to lean back and relax

21. Counter

Opposite, contrary, opposing

 Counteract- to oppose the effects of an

action

 Countermand- to cancel a previous order

 Counteroffensive- attack against an attack

22. Cranio

skull

 Craniology- the study of skull

characteristics;

 Cranium- skull of vertebrates

 Cranial- pertaining to the skull

23. Cred

believe

 Credence- belief that something is true or

valid;

 Credulous- believing things too easily,

gullible

 Incredible- unbelievable

24. Crypto

Hidden, secret

 Cryptic- of hidden meaning

 Cryptography- science of secret fcodes

 Encrypt- encode into secret code

25. Cumul

Mass, heap

 Accumulate- to gather or pile up

 Cumulative- gradually building up

26. Cycl

Circle, ring

 Bicycle- a vehicle with two wheels

 Cycle- a sequence that is repeated

 Cyclone- a storm with circling winds

27. Dia

Through, between, apart, across

 Diabetes- disease characterized by

excessive thirst and discharge of urine

 Diagnosis- understanding a condition by

going through a detailed review of

symptoms

 Dialog- conversation between two people

28. Dict

speak

 Contradict- to express the opposite of

 Prediction- a statement foretelling the

future

 Dictate- to speak out loud for another

person to write down.

29. Domin

master

 Dominate- to be the master of

 Domineering- excessively controlling

 Predominate- to have more power than

others

30. Ethno

Race, people

 Ethnic- pertaining to a defined group od

people

 Ethnocentric- focusing on the ethnicity of

people

 Ethnology- the science of people and races.

31. Funct

Perform, work

 Defunct- no longer working or alive

 Function- to work or perform a role

normally

 Malfunction- to fail to work correctly.

32. Hetero

Different, other

 Heterogeneous- made up of unrelated parts

 Heteronyms- words with same spelling but

different meanings

 Heterodox- not conforming to traditional

beliefs

33. Histo

tissue

 Histology- study of the microscopic

structure of tissues

 Histochemistry- study of the chemical

constitution of cells and tissues.

34. Hyper

Too much, over, excessive, beyond

 Hyperactive- very restless

 Hypercritical- too critical

 Hypertension- above normal pressure.

35. Infra

Beneath, below

 Infrastructure- underlying framework of a

system

 Infrared- below the regular light spectrum

36. Inter

Between, among, jointly

 International- involving two or more

countries

 Intersection- place where roads come

together

 Intercept- to stop or interrupt the course of.

37. Junct

join

 Conjunction- a word that joins parts of

sentences

 Disjunction- a disconnection

 Junction- a place where two things join.

38. Juven

young

 Juvenile- youthful or childish

 Rejuvenate- to bring back to youthful

strength or appearance.

39. Kilo

thousand

 Kilobyte- 1,000 bytes

 Kilometer- 1,000 meter

 Kilograms- 1,000 grams.

40. Lab

work

 Collaborate- to work with a person

 Elaborate- to work out the details

 Laborious- requiring a lot of hard work.

41. Later

side

 Bilateral- of or involving two sides

 Unilateral- affecting one side of something.

42. Lex

Word, law, reading

 Lexicology- the study and history of words

 Alexia- los of the ability to read

 Illegal- not authorized by the official rules or

laws

43. Liber

free

 Liberate- to set free;

 Libertine- a person with a free, wild lifestyle

 Liberty- freedom.

44. Lingu

Language, tongue

 Linguist- one who studies languages

 Multiligual- able to communicate in

multiple languages

 Linguine- long flat “tongue- shapes” pasta.

45. Loc

place

 Dislocate- to put something out of its usual

place

 Location- a place

 Relocate- to move to a new place.

46. Luc

light

 Elucidate- to explain, to throw light on

 Lucid- easily understood , giving off light

 Translucent- allowing light through

47. Lum

light

 Illuminate- to fill with light

 Lumen- unit measuring light

48. Macro

Large, great

 Macroevolution- large scale evolution

 Macromolecule- a large molecule

 Macroeconomics- study of the overall

forces of economy

49. Mand

To order

 Command- an order or instruction

 Demand- a hard-to-ignore orer

 Mandate- an official order

50. Mania

Madness, insanity, excessive desire

 Bibliomania- a crazy love of books

 Egomania- a mad love of oneself

 Maniac- an insane person

51. Max

greatest

 Maximal- the best or greatest possible

 Maximize- to make as great as possible

 Maximum- the greatest amount.

52. Medi

middle

 Medieval- pertaining to the Middle Ages

 Medium- in the middle

 Mediocre- only of medium (inferior) quality

53. Mega

Great, large, million

 Megalopolis- an area with many nearby

cities

 Megaphone- a device that projects a loud

voice

 Mega structure- huge building or other

structure

54. Meso

middle

 Mesoamerica- Middle America

 Meson- elementary particle with a mass

between an electron and a proton

55. Meta

Change, after, beyond, between

 Metaphysics- study of nature and reality

 Metamorphosis- a complete change of form

 Metastasis- the transmission of disease to

other parts of the body

56. Micro

Very small, short, minute

 Microbe- a very small living thing

 Microchip- a tiny wafer with an integrated

circuit

 Microscope- a device to see very small

things

57. Mid

middle

 Midriff- the area between the chest and the

waist

 Midterm- middle of a term in school

 Midway- halfway between

58. Migr

move

 Immigrant- a person who moves to a mew

country to settle

 Migrant- person who moves from place to

place

 Migration- the process of moving

59. Milli

One thousandth

 Millimeter- one thousandth of ammeter

 Millibar- one thousandth of a bar

 Millitre- one thousand of a liter

60. Mob

move

 Immobilize- to stop from moving

 Mobile- able to move freely

 Mobility- the equality of being able to move

61. Mort

death

 Immortal- living forever, unable to die

 Mortal- certain to die

 Mortician- an undertaker

62. Multi

Many, more than one or two

 Multi- coloured- having many colours

 Multimedia- using a range of media

 Multi-tasking- doing many things at once

64. Mut

change

 Immutable- not changing

 Mutant- an organism that has undergone

change

 Mutate- to undergo a change

65. Narr

tell

 Narrate- to tell a story

 Narrative- a story

 Narrator- a person who tells a story

65. Nat

born

 Innate- included since birth

 Natal- relating to birth

 Natural- gotten a birth, not afterward

66. Nav

ship

 Circumnavigate- to sail around a place

 Naval- relating to a navy or warships

 Navigate- to sail a ship through a place

67.Neg

no

 Negate- to say it didn’t happen

 Negative- meaning “no”

 Renege- to go back on a promise

68. Neo

New, recent

 Neoclassic- a revival of classic form,

 Neo-colonialism- the indirect (“new”)

economic and political control of a region by

a more powerful foreign power

 Neonatal- a newborn child, especially first

few weeks

69. Non

No, not, without

 Nondescript- with no special characteristics

 Nonfiction- true, real, not made-up

 Non- sense- without sense

70. Not

mark

 Notable- marked as worthy of attention

 Notarize- to certify a signature on a legal

document

 Annotate- to add remarks

71. Numer

number

 Enumerate- to name a number of items on

a list

 Numerology- the study of magical uses of

numbers

 Numerous- a large number

72. Omni

all

 Omnipotent- with all the power

 Omniscient- knowing all things

 Omnivorous- eating all types of foods

73. Ortho

straight

 Orthodontist- a dentist that straightens

teeth

 Orthopaedic- a doctor concerned with the

proper alignment of the bones

 Orthography- the correct way of writing

74. Osteo

bone

 Osteoarthritis- inflammation caused by

degeneration of the joints

 Osteopathy- therapy that uses among

others manipulation of the skeleton to

restore health

 Osteology- the study of bones

75. Out

Goes beyond, surpasses, exceeds

 Outgoing- being of lively, sharing nature

 Outdoing- doing better than

 Outdoor- outside

76. Over

excessive

 Overconfident- more confident than is

appropriate

 Overstock- more supplies than is desirable

 Overexcited- more excited than one should

be

77. Oxy

sharp

 Oxymoron- combining two ideas that

sharply contradict other

 Oxidize- corrode a surface

78. Pan

All, any, everyone

 Panacea- a cure for all diseases or problems

 Panorama- an all- around view

 Pantheism- the worship of all gods

 Pandemic- affecting all

79. Para

Besides, beyond, abnormal, assistant

 Parasite- an organism that lives on and off

another living being

 Parallel- alongside and always an equal

distance apart

 Paragraph- a portion of a written document

that presents a distinct idea

80. Para

Protection from

 Parachute- protection from failing

 Parasol- an umbrella used to protect from

the sun

81. Path

Feeling, emotion

 Antipathy- a feeling of great dislike

 Apathy- a lack of feeling or interest

 Empathy- ability to understand another’s

feelings

82. Pel

Drive, force

 Compel- to force someone to act

 Expel- to drive someone out of a place

 Repel- to force back

83. Per

Through, throughout

 Permanent- lasting throughout all time

 Permeate- to spread throughout

 Persist- to continue for a long time

 Perennial- lasting through many years

84. Peri

Around, enclosing

 Periodontal- pertaining to bone and tissue

around a tooth

 Peripheral- lying outside of the center

 Perimeter- the outer boundary of an area

85. Phys

Nature, medicine, the body

 Physical- relating to the body

 Physician- a doctor

 Physique- nature and shape of one’s body

86. Poli

city

 Metropolis- a large city

 Politics- actions of a government or political

party

87. Poly

Many, more than one

 Polychrome- with many colours

 Polyglot- a person fluent in many languages

 Polygon- shape with 3 or more straight

sides

88. Pon

People

 Popular- appealing to a lot of people

 Population- all of the people who live in a

particular area

 Populist- a supporter of the rights of people

89. Port

carry

 Export- to carry goods out of a place to

another

 Portable- able to be carried

 Porter- a person who carries luggage

90. Pos

Place, put

 Deposit- to place or drop something

 Expose- to place out into the open for all to

see

 Position- the place where someone is

91. Post

After, behind

 Posthumous- after someone’s death

 Postpone- to get ready in advance

 Postscript- an addition to an already

completed document

92. Pre

 Earlier, before, in front of

 Preamble- a part in front of a formal

document

 Prepare- to get ready in advance

93. Pro

Before, in front of, for, forward

 Prognosis- a prediction of what will happen

 Prologue- a passage before the main part

 Prophet- a person who foretells the future

94. Pul

Urge

 Compulsion- a very strong urge

 Expulsion- to kick someone out

 impulsive- having a spontaneous urge to do

something

95. Purg

clean

 Purge – abolition, abstersion, catharsis,

clarification, cleaning, cleanup, coup,

crushing, disposal, disposition

96. Put

think

 Computer-an electronic thinking device

 Dispute- to disagree with what another

person thinks

 Input- contribution of one’s thinking

97. Quart

fourth

 Quarter- one fourth

 Quart- a fourth of a gallon

 Quartet- a musical composition or group

involving 4 voices or instruments

98. Radio

Radiation, ray

 Radioactive- emitting radiation

 Radiologist- someone diagnosing or treating

via radiation

99. Retro

Backward, back

 Retroactive- relating to something in the

past

 Retrogress- to go back to an earlier

condition

 Retrospect- the remembering of past events

100. Rupt

Break, burst

 Bankrupt- unable to pay because you’re

“broke”

 Interrupt- to break into a conversation or

event, to disturb;

 Rupture- a break in something

101. San

health

 Sane- mentally healthy

 Sanitary- relating to cleanliness and health

 Sanitation- maintenance of public health

and

102. Scend

Climb, go

 Ascend- to climb upward

 Crescendo- a climbing up of the volume of

music

 Descend- to go or climb down

103. Sect

cut

 Dissect- to cut apart piece by piece

 Intersection- the place or point where two

things cross each other

 Bisect- to cut into two equal parts

104. Self

Of , for, or by itself

 Self- discipline- the ability to discipline

yourself

 Self- respect- respect for yourself

 Selfish- concerned only with your own

interest

105. Sex

six

 Sextet or sextets- a composition or group

of six

 Sextuple- six fold

 Sexagenarian- person in his/her sixties

106. Sol

alone

 Desolate- lonely, dismal, gloomy

 Solitary- done alone , by yourself

 Solo- a performance done by one person

alone

107. Sol

sun

 Solar- involving the sun

 Parasol- umbrella protecting from the sun

 Solarium- a room where one is exposed to

sun light

108. Son

sound

 Consonant- a speech sound

 Sonorous- producing loud, full, rich sounds

109. Soph

wise

 Philosopher-a wise person

 Sophisticated- wise about the ways of the

world

 Sophism- a clever but misleading argument

110. Sphere

ball

 Biosphere- the whole round surface of the

earth

 Hemisphere- half the earth spherically

shaped like a ball

111. Spir

breathe

 Inspire- to stimulate or animate

 Transpire- to give of vapour with waste

product through the skin or a membrane

 Spirit- invisible life force

112. Sta

stand

 Stable- standing steady and firm

 Stagnant- standing still, not moving

 Stationery- at a standstill , fixed.

113. Stell

star

 Constellation- a group of stars that forms a

pattern

 Interstellar- between the stars

 Stellar- relating to stars

114. Struct

build

 Construct- to build

 Destruction- the act of destroying

something that was built structure

something built

 Infrastructure- underlying framework off a

system

115. Sub

Under, lower than, inferior to

 Submarine- an underwater boat

 Submerge- to put underwater

 Substandard- inferior to accepted standards

116. Sum

highest

 Sum- the combined total of everything

 Summation- the total, highest amount

 Summit- the highest point or top

117. Super

Higher in quality or quantity

 Super bowl- the final annual football game

 Superior- above average , better in quality

 Supersonic- faster than the speed of sound

118. techno

Technique, skill

 Technology- the practical application of

knowledge

 Technocracy – rule of technology

 Technologically- characterized by

technology

119. Tetra

four

 Tetrapod- having 4 legs

 Tetrarchy- government by 4 rules

 Tetrose- a monosaccharide with four carbon

atoms

120. Tort

twist

 Contortion- a twisted shape or position

 Distort- to alter the shape or condition of

 Retort- reply in a manner that is supposed

to change the effect of something

previously said

121. Tox

poison

 Detoxification- the process of removing

poison

 Toxic- poisonous

 Toxicology- the study of poisons

 Intoxicated- influenced by drugs

122. Tract

Pull, drag

 Attract- to pull objects nearer

 Distract- to drag attention away from

something

 Tractor- a motor vehicle that plus things

123. Trans

Across, beyond, through

 Transcontinental- across the continent

 Transfer- to move from one place to

another

 Transport- to carry something across a

space

124. Tri

Three, once in every three, third

 Triangle- a figure with 3 sides and 3 angles

 Triathlon- an athletic contest with 3 events

 Tricycle- a 3- wheel vehicle with pedals

125. Ultra

Beyond, extreme,more than

 Ultrahigh- extremely high

 Ultramodern- more modern than anything

else

 Untrasonic- sound waves beyond human

hearing

126. Un

Not, opposite of, lacking

 Unabridged- not shortened

 Unfair- opposite of fair

 Unfriendly- lacking friendliness

127. Uni

One, single

 Unicycle- a vehicle with one wheel

 Unilateral- decided by only one person or

nation

 Unique- the only one of its kind

 Unison- as one voice

128. Urb

city

 Suburb- residential area on the edge of a

city

 Urban- relating to a city

 Urbanology- the study of city life

129. Vac

empty

 Evacuate- to empty a dangerous place

 Vacant- empty, not occupied

 vacation- a time without work

130. Verb

word

 Verbalize- to put into words

 Adverb- a word relating to a verb

 Proverb- a short saying that expresses a

well-known truth

131. Vice

Acting in place of, next in rank

 Vice- president- the person next in rank to

the president

132. Vid

see

 Evident- clearly seen

3- GRAMMAR:-

-ARTICLES

-DETERMINERS

What are Determiners?

A determiner is a word that defines or qualifies the meaning of a noun by conveying such ideas

and concepts as quantity or certainty. A determiner indicates whether the noun is referring to a

definite or indefinite component, to a component belonging to a definite person or thing, to a

closer or more distant component, to a particular number or quantity as they show how many

things or people, etc. Determiners ‘express situation’ which is its main function; they simplify

and explain what a noun is referring to. For example when one says ‘that book’, the listener

knows which book is being referred to.

Determiners include:

the articles : a / an / the

demonstratives : this / that / these / those

possessives : my / your /his / her / its / our / your / their

The words like some,much,many,any,few, little, less etc.are indefinite adjective determiners.

Example:

The dog barked at the girl.

These mangoes are rotten.

I've got tea and coffee, so you can have either.

Have you seen my keys?

I teach online for 3 days a week.

Their bus was late.

Have you got any Math books I could borrow?

General determiners are quantifiers:

a few

a little

all

another

any

both

each

either

enough

every

few

fewer

less

little

many

more

most

much

neither

no

other

several

some

Examples of Determiners

Let’s discuss Determiners in detail with the following examples.

• There is enough food to feed everyone.

• Neither of the students were listening.

• The tree in front of the house is burning.

• Joann finds less time for her hobbies.

• Neither of his friends speaks any English.

• I have a red hat.

• Some people decided to leave.

• The taxi driver spoke very little English. I couldn't understand him.

• There were fewer people than usual in the supermarket.

• I waited for a few minutes and then tried to call him again.

• They watched several movies.

• The report concludes sadly that all students have little knowledge of nuclear physics.

Types of Determiners

There are many types of determiners such as:

1. Articles: is the main group of determiners, with the words “a/an” and “the” which are used before a

noun. There are three kinds of articles:

Definite Article

Indefinite Article

a. Definite Articles - are those that point a particular person or thing. It can be used in front of singular

as well as plural countable and uncountable noun.

Example: He saw the movie.

In the example " the movie" refers to a particular movie.

b. Indefinite Articles - are those articles that leave a person or thing undetermined or confused.

Example: He is a doctor. / He is an honest man.

In the examples "a" and "an" is used before a noun that begins with a vowel and consonant sound.

2. Demonstratives - the words this, that, those, these are known as demonstrative determiners, as they

point out something within sight. When used as determiners they are followed by the nouns they

modify.

Example:This is my laptop.(Demonstratives used as a pronoun, subject of the verb 'is')

This laptop is mine. (Demonstratives used as determiner varying the noun laptop.)

3. Possessives - the words our, my, his, her, your, their, its, Jason's, Tiger's etc. modify the noun

following to show ownership or possession, are known as possessive determiners. Possessive pronouns

can stand alone and aren't followed by nouns, whereas possessive determiners are followed by nouns.

Example: Is that car yours? (yours is a possessive determiner followed by the noun house which it

modifies)

4. Quantifiers - the words any, few, some, more, little, much, every, each, all, both, half, enough, less,

whole etc. are followed by nouns which they modify. Quantifiers are used before countable or

uncountable nouns.

Example: Little knowledge is a dangerous thing.

Functions of Determiners

The determiners are used in every case to clarify the noun.

Adjectives, unlike determiners, cannot have corresponding pronouns.

Determiners may be used to demonstrate or define something or someone.

Determiners may state the differences between nouns.

The function of a determiner is to express proximity, relationship, quantity, and definiteness.

Exercise

Choose the appropriate option to complete the sentences:

_______ drawings is different.

I have_______ money but more time than i did ten years ago.

There are shops on _______side of street.

We can't do ________these things.

I don't like ________of these books.

The train leaves________ five hours.

I have three brothers. ________ of them are doctors.

You can take _______three of these apples.

_______of the girls was given a doll.

_______ of what he said was very sensible.

__________of them lives in Ireland. They live in Australia.

He lost ________in the big war last year.

The Amazon in Brazil is_____ longest river in ______South America.

The teacher knows _______ student in the school.

I can't see _______ out there. There must be _______ wrong with your eyes !

She knows _______ about what has happened here, but she will not say _______ about it to us.

We certainly don't need _______ more bread, but we do need _______ more tins of sardines.

I can't carry _______ more since both my hands are full. Can't you ask _______ else to help you ?

There is _______ I want to tell you. _______ else must know about it, so you must promise not to tell

_______.

1. There are many books in the library.

2. I often go to ___ bed late.

3. Have you ever had a high fever?

4. the National Health Service was set up in Britain in 1946.

5. Do you often have ___ headaches?

6. In many countries,you have to pay for the medical treatment.

7. The patient takes the prescription to the chemist's.

8. My brother is a dentist.

9. many people think that development is modernization.

10. Only a few houses were spared by earthquake.

11. You must learn a little English every day to improve your language

12. I drink a glass of milk.

13. Sometimes, a little patience and advice help more than medecine.

14. My father has just bought a new car.

15. Can I have a bar of chocolate?

16. There isn't any bread in that tin.

17. Is there any ink in the bottle?

18. Are there any eggs in the basket?

PREPOSITIONS:-

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

UNIT 2

1- READING:-

-(IF) BY AUTHOR:-Rudyard Kipling

The poem is a father defining for his son the qualities of a good man.. He is

setting the parameters or boundaries for his son and giving him a goal to

achieve. The poem deals with life’s challenges and how to deal with them.

Stanza one deals with being confident about the decisions you make and taking

responsibility for those decisions. If others, who cannot take that responsibility

for themselves react negatively, you will be patient with them and not reduce

yourself to their level by telling lies or dealing in hate. However, don’t ever think

you are above anyone else.

Stanza Two states that it is good to dream, but don’t let your dreams control

your life. It is good to think, but don’t just think and not put those thoughts into

action. You will experience triumph and disasters in your life, but don’t take

them seriously because they are not the substance of life, they are the

extremes. If you hear things you said misused or things you have done

destroyed, you need to be able to pick yourself up and rebuild them with

everything that you have left in you.

Stanza Three counsels don’t be afraid to take risks and possibly lose everything.

If you do lose everything, don’t talk about it, just start all over again at the

beginning. When you are tired and exhausted and your body just feels like it

can’t continue on, use your mind and your will to tell yourself to “Hold on” and

persevere. Push through it.

Stanza four deals with a person’s reaction to others. You need to be able to talk

to large groups of people and yet not let them influence your belief in what is

right,wrong, moral, or immoral. You need to be able to walk with men of power

and influence and yet not forget the common man and his needs. You need to

know yourself and your beliefs so well that neither your friends nor your

enemies can hurt you because you know who you are and what you stand

for. People can depend on you, but don’t let others become too dependent on

you. You need to live every single minute of your life to the fullest. If you do

these things, then the world is yours, and you will be a good man.

2- VOCABULARY :-

-Compound And Blending 

 Blending words

Blending is the word formation process in which parts of two or more words

combine to create a new word whose meaning is often a combination of the

original words.

1. Advertainment=advertisement / entertainment

2. advertorial =advertisement + editorial

3. afterthoughtful=(afterthought + thoughtful)

4. agitprop (agitation + propaganda)

5. alcopop (alcohol + pop)

6. alphanumeric =alphabetic + numeric

7. Amerind =American + Indian (referring to native Americans)

8. binary + digit – bit

9. bionic=biology/electronic

10. Biopic=biographical / picture

11. bit =binary + digit (only in computing

12. Bollywood=Bombay/Hollywood

13. botox = botulism + toxin

14. brainiac=brain + maniac

15. breathalyzer=breath + analyzer

16. Brexit =Britain + exit

17. Brunch=breakfast / lunch

18. camcorder =camera + recorder

19. channel + tunnel – chunnel

20. chillax (verb)=chill/relax

21. Chortle=chuckle / snort

22. clash (clap + crash)

23. cosplay == costume + play

24. Cyborg=cybernetic / organism

25. diplomacy + ecnomics – diplonomics

26. docudrama (documentary + drama)

27. documentary + drama – docudrama

28. dumbfound =dumb (mute) + confound

29. edutainment=education+ entertainment

30. electro + execute – electrocute

31. electrocute=electro- + execute

32. email =electronic + mail

33. emoticon (noun)=emote/icon

34. endorphin= endogenous + morphine

35. faction (fact + fiction)

36. fantabulous =fantastic + fabulous

37. fanzine= fanatic + magazine

38. feeble + debility – feebility

39. feminar =faminine + seminar –

40. flare (flame + glare)

41. flirtationship (flirting + relationship)

42. forex == foreign + exchange

43. Frenemy (friend + enemy)

44. glamping (noun)=glamorous/camping

45. glimmer (gleam + shimmer)

46. globish=global/English

47. Guesstimate=guess / estimate

48. guitarthritis (guitar + arthritis)

49. hangry (noun)=hungry/anger

50. Hazmat= hazardeous + mataterial

51. heliport=helicopter + airport

52. hi-tech= high + technology

53. humongous (huge + monstrous

54. Indlish =India+ English

55. infomercial =information + commercial

56. infotainment (information + entertainment)

57. Internet (international + network)

58. Interpol= international + police

59. Jazzercize (jazz + exercise)

60. Keytar== keyboard + guitar

61. labradoodle == labrador + poodle

62. laundromat =laundry + automat

63. mansplaining (noun)=man/explaining

64. masstige (noun)=mass/prestige

65. mechatronics == mechanics + electronics

66. medicare =medical + care

67. mediclaim= medical + claim –

68. Mobike= motor + bike

69. mocktail (mock + cocktail)

70. Modem= modulator + demodulator

71. moped == motor + pedals (borrowed from Swedish)

72. motel (noun)=motor/hotel

73. motorcade= motorcar + cavalcade –

74. napalm = naphthenic + palmitic

75. newscast = news + broadcast

76. Nollywood=Nigeria/Hollywood

77. palimony (pal + alimony)

78. paratrooper == parachute + troop + -er

79. paratroops =parachute + troops

80. phablet == phone + tablet

81. Prissy=prim / sissy

82. pulsar (pulse + quasar)

83. pulsar = pulsating + star

84. sheeple = sheep + people

85. simulcast =simultaneous + broadcast –

86. Simulcast=simultaneous / broadcast

87. sitcom = situation + comedy

88. skylab=sky + laboratory

89. slanguage (slang + language)

90. smash = smack + mash

91. Smog=smoke / fog

92. Spanglish =Spanish + English

93. Spanglish=Spanish / English

94. spork (noun)=spoon/fork

95. Spork=spoon / fork

96. sportscast (sports + broadcast)

97. stagflation (stagnation + inflation)

98. staycation (stay home + vacation)

99. techno-wizar =wizard + technology

100. telegenic (television + photogenic)

101. telethon (telephone + marathon)

102. telethon= telephone + marathon

103. Telethon=telephone / marathon

104. televangelist =television + evangelist

105. televangelist= television + evangelist

106. textpectation (text message + expectation)

107. transistor (transfer + resistor)

108. transistor = transconductance or transfer + resistor

109. travelogue -travel + catalogue

110. vash =volcanic + ash

111. vegeburger =vegetable + burger

112. vertisement + entertainment – advertainment

113. vlog =video + blog

114. Webinar=web / seminar

115. workaholic= work + -a- + alcoholic

116. workfare =work + welfare

-Compound Word List 

lifetime elsewhere upside grandmother
cannot baseball fireworks passport
together become sunflower
crosswalk basketball sweetmeat superstructure
moonlight football railroad rattlesnake
anybody weatherman throwback skateboard
meantime earthquake everything herein
sometimes also backward schoolhouse
butterflies upstream nowhere bypass
fireflies because somewhere spearmint
something another somewhat airport
anyone today himself grasshopper
inside themselves playthings footprints
therefore uplift super giant homemade
without backbone scapegoat peppermint
Compound Word List # 2
eyeballs longhouse forget afternoon
southwest northeast alongside meanwhile
keyboard whatever blacksmith disk drive
herself nobody seashore nearby
silversmith watchmaker subway horseback
itself headquarters sandstone limestone
underground glass making riverbanks touchdown
honeymoon bootstrap toothpick toothpaste
dishwasher household township shadyside
popcorn airplane pickup housekeeper
bookcase babysitter saucepan lukewarm
bluefish hamburger honeydew rain check
thunderstorm spokesperson widespread weekend
hometown commonplace moreover pacemaker
Compound Word List # 3
supermarket
supermen
supernatural
superpower
somebody someday somehow someone
anymore anyplace anytime anyway
backhand watchdog backlog backpack
backstage waterfall backtrack noisemaker
underage underbelly
underbid
undercharge
bookworm bookstore bookshelf
bookend
superscript supersonic superstar
supersensitive
bookkeeper bookmark bookmobile forgive
forklift
format fortnight honeycomb
honeysuckle
honeybee
keyhole keynote
keyway
keyword lifeblood lifeboat
lifeguard lifelike lifeline lifelong
forefinger forefather forehand
forehead
Compound Word List # 4
onetime
supercargo
supercharge
overabundance
backside backslap backspace backspin
undercut underdevelop underdog underestimate
superstrong supertanker superweapon superwoman
underexpose underfoot however eyesight
airfield
sidekick
crossover sunbathe
anywhere anyhow backache backbite
backbreaker backdrop backfire background
textbook underachieve underact underarm
keypad keypunch keystone keystroke
upstairs softball uptight upstate
supercool superego superfine superhero
foreleg
foreman
foresee oneself
Compound Word List # 5
washroom
blackbird
blackboard
blackberries
upend blacktop whitecap whitefish
whitewall whitewash friendship pancake
daytime upbringing upbeat upcoming
repairman firefighter
standby
bedroom
blackjack blacklist blackmail blackout
uphill waterline upkeep
upland
firehouse
teenager
carpool
bellbottom
ballroom
brainchild pinstripe bodywork
upward
upwind upturn storerooms
deadline
rainbow watermelon waterway
daybreak daybook daydream
daylight
update
upgrade upheaval upheld
Compound Word List # 6
upload
washstand
upon
upperclassman
lifesaver
forearm forbearer
forbid
carhop carload
carport
carpetbagger
wastepaper upshot uplink
upstage
newspaper grandchild grandparent
grandchildren
fishpond fishtail hookup
eyecatching
taxicab taxpayer teacup
teamwork
uppercut
uppercase
uppermost
uprising
newsreel newsstand newsworthy granddaughter
grandfather grandmaster grandaunt
grandnephew
upright uproar
uproot
upstart
grandnieces grandson grandstand granduncle
boldface bankbook bankroll
dishcloth
dishpan dishwater cardboard
carefree
Compound Word List # 7
caretaker
carsick
carfare
cargo
uptake
upthrust
newsroom
uptime
carryall
cartwheel
wheelbase
wheelbarrow
washcloth
fishlike
waterproof
fishnet
newsdealer
watershed
newsman
snowdrift
intake
courtyard
overflow
cornmeal
underclothes
overcoat undercover undercurrent
takeover
talebearer
taleteller
tapeworm
superhuman
wasteland
superman
superhighways
afterlife
setback
overland
highway
mainland
caveman
drawbridge
lifework
firebomb
someplace
passbook
passkey
airtime
firecracker
sidewalk fireball
allover
notebook
throwaway fireproof
buttermilk
footnote
moonbeam Sunday
Compound Word List # 8
handmade
candlelight
firearm
airline
crossbow
sideshow
software
sunfish
moonstruck
rattletrap
weatherproof
earthworm
schoolboy
sweetheart
butternut
hereafter
playback
foothill
eyelid
southeast
horseplay
headache
blueprint raindrop
weekday
hammerhead
foreclose
foreclosure
slowdown
skyscraper
motherhood
fatherland
forecast
highball
forebear
mainline
slumlord
snowball
snakeskin
soundproof
firebreak
aircraft
crosscut
railway
earthward
buttercup
allspice
noteworthy
playboy
footlocker
handgun
horsepower
rainstorm
bluegrass
cheeseburger
weeknight
headlight
bedrock
standoff
commonwealth
Compound Word List # 9
cancan
fireboat
airlift
Passover
crossbreed
sideburns
sunbaked
moonshine
schoolbook
hereby
playhouse
butterfingers
footlights
handbook
backslide
eyelash
steamship
headline
spillway
houseboat
longhand
horsehair
standpipe
whatsoever
foresight
soybean
bookseller
blueberry
cheesecake
raincoat
thunderbolt
standpoint
bedroll
cardsharp
bellboy
brainwash
bodyguard
pinhole
ponytail
newsboy
careworn
duckpin
duckbill
hookworm
courthouse
afterimage
highchair
mothball
sixfold
skintight
skylight
slapstick
snowbank
standout
handout
eyeglasses
footrest
stepson
stockroom
stonewall
Compound Word List # 10
sailboat
watchword
timesaving
timeshare
salesclerk
showoff
sharecropper
sheepskin
candlestick
newsbreak
newscaster
newsprint
butterscotch
turnabout
turnaround
turnbuckle
eyewitness
starfish
stagehand
spacewalk
shoemaker
turndown turnkey
turnoff
horsefly
comedown
comeback cabdriver
bluebird
tablespoon
tabletop
tableware
stoplight
sunlit
sandlot
snowbird
bluebell
wheelhouse
fishhook
fishbowl
stronghold
tailgate
taillight
taillike
pinup
tailspin
takeoff
takeout
bellhop
taproot
target
taskmaster
steamboat
dairymaid
teaspoon
daisywheel
pinwheel
telltale
tenderfoot
tenfold
Compound Word List # 11
timekeeper
watchword
timesaving
timeshare
shoelace
showoff
sharecropper
sheepskin
newfound
newsbreak
newscaster
newsprint
timetable
turnabout
turnaround
turnbuckle
sharpshooter
starfish
stagehand
spacewalk
turncoat
turndown
turnkey
turnoff
aboveboard
comedown
comeback
cabdriver
tablecloth
tablespoon
tabletop
tableware
sundial
sunlit
sandlot
snowbird
wheelchair
wheelhouse
fishhook
fishbowl
tagalong
tailgate
taillight
taillike
tailpiece
tailspin
takeoff
takeout
taproom
taproot
target
taskmaster
teammate
dairymaid
teaspoon
daisywheel
showplace telltale
tenderfoot
tenfold
Compound Word List # 12
shortbread
teapot
timesaving
timeshare
firewater
airmen
sharecropper
sheepskin
moonscape
schoolwork
newscaster
newsprint
hereupon
weathercock
turnaround
turnbuckle
handcuff
headdress
stagehand
spacewalk
housetop
forever
turnkey
turnoff
tailcoat
bedclothes
comeback
cabdriver
upstanding
fisheye
tabletop
tableware
afterglow
highland
sandlot
snowbird
sisterhood
skylark
fishhook
fishbowl
waistline
walkways
taillight
taillike
walleyed
wallpaper
takeoff
takeout
wardroom
warehouse
target
taskmaster
warlike
warmblooded
teaspoon
daisywheel
warpath
telltale
tenderfoot
tenfold
Compound Word List # 13
around
washbowl
fisherman
schoolbus
ashtray
washboard
beachcomb
washout
blackball
upmarket
washtub
wastebasket
sunroof
sundown
snowshovel
sunup
upset
wastewater
superimpose
watchband
jailbait
jetliner
dogwood
downbeat
atchcase
backlash
watchman
below
jetport boardwalk jackpot
ballpark
watchtower
timepieces
watercolor
watercooler
gumball
goodbye
nevermore
coffeemaker
watercraft
backstroke
waterfront
waterlog
moonwalk
woodshop jellyfish waterfowl
uphold
watermark
fishmonger
waterpower
shipbottom
goodnight
nutcracker
racquetball
waterscape newsletter
waterside
waterspout
Compound Word List # 14
scarecrow
toolbox
gearshift
tailbone
watertight
waterworks
waterwheel
wavelength
thunderbird
bugspray
overshoes
paycheck
wavelike
warfare
waxwork
waybill
bowtie
crewcut
typewriter
jumpshot
wayfarer
waylaid
wayward
wayside
deadend
eardrum
postcard
fruitcup
overboard
jellybean
centercut
rubberband
sunray
clockwise
downunder
earache
turntable
driveway
matchbox
motorcycle
nightfall
graveyard
carrack
doorstop
tadpole
eggshell
stopwatch
limelight
ironwork
cattail
nursemaid
sunglasses
wipeout
egghead
eardrop
earthbound
daybed
earring
housework
haircut
Compound Word List New
blowgun
forethought
upscale
duckweed
forewarn
upstroke
bowlegs
foreknowledge
uptown
forebrain
foregone
washhouse
forefeet
foreshadow
washrag
forefoot
foretold
forego
foreword
foreground
grassland
butterball
horseman
forecastle
horseradish
foremost
moonlit
forepaws
catwalk
cardstock
newborn
foredoom
newsperson
forestall
rainwater

-CONTRACTION

By definition, a contraction is a shortened form of a group of words. Contractions are used in
both written and oral communication. When a contraction is written in English, the omitted
letters are replaced by an apostrophe.
Here are some common contractions and the groups of words that they represent.
aren't  are not
can't  cannot
couldn't  could not
didn't  did not
doesn't  does not
don't  do not
hadn't  had not
hasn't  has not
haven't  have not
he'd  he had; he would
he'll  he will; he shall
he's  he is; he has
I'd  I had; I would
I'll  I will; I shall
I'm  I am
I've  I have
isn't  is not
let's  let us
mightn't might not
mustn't  must not
shan't  shall not
she'd  she had; she would
she'll  she will; she shall
she's  she is; she has
shouldn't  should not
that's  that is; that has
there's  there is; there has
they'd  they had; they would
they'll  they will; they shall
they're  they are
they've  they have
we'd  we had; we would
we're  we are
we've  we have
weren't  were not
what'll  what will; what shall
what're  what are
what's  what is; what has
what've  what have
where's  where is; where has
who's  who had; who would
who'll  who will; who shall
who're  who are
who's  who is; who has
who've  who have
won't  will not
wouldn't  would not
you'd  you had; you would
you'll  you will; you shall
you're  you are
you've  you have
One contraction that is not on the above list is “it’s.” It is useful to note that “it’s,” a contraction,
is often confused with “its,” a possessive pronoun. Remember,
it’s  it is and its  possessive pronoun
Here they are used in sentences.
It’s really nice outside today.  It is really nice outside today.
The dog ate its food. (The food belongs to the dog.)

You probably use contractions when you speak to your friends and family members every day;
however, it is important to note that contractions are often considered inappropriate in formal
writing. Professors, employers, and other professionals like to see that you have taken your time
on a document, and using contractions is sometimes seen as a shortcut. To be safe, never use
contractions when writing for a class or when writing a professional document, such as a
personal statement or cover letter.
Exercises
Part 1:
Each of the following sentences can be rewritten to contain one or more contraction(s). Using the
provided list as a reference, re-write the following sentences.
1. I have been studying for hours, but I still do not feel ready for the exam.
2. You were not at the coffee shop yesterday.
3. The paint she picked out was a lovely color, but it did not match the trim.
4. We would go to the beach with you; however, we have got too many chores to do.
5. You should not use contractions in formal writing.
Part 2:
Each of the following sentences contains one or more contraction. Re-write each sentence,
replacing any contractions with the groups of words they represent.
1. I can’t go with you because I’m busy that day.
2. It’s clear that the dog is frightened because it keeps placing its tail between its legs.
3. They’ve been trimming the trees at the park since this morning; I haven’t been able to
sleep since they started.
4. You mustn’t pester your grandmother like that.
5. She’ll bring Jonathan with her if he’s willing to chip in for gas.
ANSWERS:
Part 1:
1.) I’ve, don’t 2.) weren’t 3.) didn’t 4.) We’d, we’ve 5.) shouldn’t
Part 2:

1.) cannot, I am 2.) It is 3.) They have, have not 4.) must not 5.) She will, he is

3-GRAMMAR:-

-Transitions And Connectives

Transitions & Connectives

Words and phrases that connect and make logical transitions between sentences,

paragraphs, and sections of a paper generally do so in at least eight different ways:

1. To support, add or continue:

2. To compare and contrast:

Also Just as In the same manner Unlike In spite of

And Likewise Have in common Compared to In contrast

All are Although In a like manner Contrasting However

Like Similar(ly) Whether or not Conversely Even though

Both As well as On the other hand Yet Rather than

Besides The same as As opposed to Instead On the contrary

But While Nevertheless Whereas Despite

3. To introduce details or exemplify:

For example As evidence In this case In any case

In fact In support of As stated in / by

For instance Such as According to

In any event To illustrate As a result

4. To show cause and effect:

Since Thus This results in Brought about

Because of To this end Consequently Made possible

Due to As a result (of ) Accordingly As might be expected

Therefore Hence In effect Was responsible for

Caused by For this reason Leads to If … then

Besides First Further Furthermore

Also Second Another Likewise

Too Third Moreover In a like manner

In addition Next Again In the same way

Last Finally Similarly Equally important

Updated 7-31-12

Transitions & Connectives

5. To counter: countering transitions:

Obviously many people believe… But

Evidently others feel… Yet

Clearly, opponents maintain… However

Surely most want… In contrast

Even though some people support… It’s unlikely that

Although citizens argue… I question

Society favors … On the contrary

The (This) idea deserves some merit… Nevertheless

6. To indicate order, sequence or importance:

First Moreover At the same time Finally Lastly

Second (etc.) Meanwhile Most important Last of all Of greater (est)

Sooner or later Later For one reason Meanwhile importance

In the first place Next To begin with Presently

7. To show chronological order:

After Earlier Later While In the meantime

Finally Next As soon as Then Moments later

Since At first Soon Before At the same time

At last Until Formerly Afterward In the beginning (end)

When During Meanwhile First

8. To conclude:

As noted above Undoubtedly Unquestionably

In other words Obviously Without question

To be sure In any event Without a doubt

In short In any case On the whole

4- WRITING:- 

-Paragraph Writing

How to Write a Perfect Paragraph

I. Topic Sentence

What is the topic sentence? The topic sentence is the first sentence in a paragraph.

What does it do? It introduces the main idea of the paragraph.

How do I write one? Summarize the main idea of your paragraph. Make clear what your

paragraph will be about.

Example: Canada is one of the best countries in the world to live in. First, Canada has an

excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable

price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well‐trained

teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university. Finally, Canada's cities are clean

and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As

a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.

II. Supporting Details

What are supporting sentences? They come after the topic sentence, making up the body of a

paragraph.

What do they do? They give details to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph.

How do I write them? You should give supporting facts, details, and examples.

Example: Canada is one of the best countries in the world to live in. First, Canada has an

excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable

price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well‐trained

teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university. Finally, Canada's cities are clean

and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As

a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.

III. Closing Sentence

What is the closing sentence? The closing sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph.

What does it do? It restates the main idea of your paragraph.

How do I write one? Restate the main idea of the paragraph using different words.

Example: Canada is one of the best countries in the world to live in. First, Canada has an

excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable

price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well‐trained

teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university. Finally, Canada's cities are clean

and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As

a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.

Example #2: Alexander the Great

Start with a topic sentence that clearly identifies the main point(s) of the paragraph:

Alexander the Great was a successful ruler because his actions created long lasting

effects on cultures that continue to the present day.

Example (Think of an example that supports your thesis statement):

One example of his legacy was the creation of a Hellenistic society.

Explanation of Example (What does this specific example mean? Be specific. Expand your

example by providing additional important details):

Hellenism was the combination of Greek, Persian, and Egyptian cultures. During this

remarkable time period, people were encouraged to pursue a formal education and

produce many different kinds of art. New forms of math, science, and design made a

great impact on society.

How does the example prove your thesis (Why is this example important? How does it support

the main claim of your thesis statement?):

If this new way of life had not been as successful as it was, Alexander’s legacy would not

be as memorable and groundbreaking.

Concluding Sentence (Sum up the main argument of your paragraph in one sentence):

Because he conquered many countries and blended together many different cultures,

Alexander the Great is widely recognized for his achievements and credited with being

one of the greatest rulers in history.

Putting it altogether:

Alexander the Great was a successful ruler because his actions created long lasting

effects on cultures that continue to the present day. One example of his legacy was the

creation of a Hellenistic society. Hellenism was the combination of Greek, Persian, and

Egyptian cultures. During this remarkable time period, people were encouraged to

pursue a formal education and produce many different kinds of art. New forms of math,

science, and design made a great impact on society. If this new way of life had not been

as successful as it was, Alexander’s legacy would not be as memorable and

groundbreaking. Because he conquered many countries and blended together many

different cultures, Alexander the Great is widely recognized for his achievements and

credited with being one of the greatest rulers in history.

Examples #3‐4

Magellan’s circumnavigation [of the globe] forever altered the Western world’s ideas about

cosmology – the study of the universe and our place in it – as well as geography. It

demonstrated, among other things, that the earth was round, that the Americas were not part

of India but were actually a separate continent, and that oceans covered most of the earth’s

surface. The voyage conclusively demonstrated that the earth is, after all, one world. But it also

demonstrated that it was a world of unceasing conflict, both natural and human. The cost of

these discoveries in terms of loss of life and suffering was greater than anyone could have

anticipated at the start of the expedition. [The voyagers] had survived an expedition to the ends

of the earth, but more than that, they had endured a voyage into the darkest recesses of the

human soul. (Lawrence Bergreen, Over the Edge of the World)

During the Civil War era many factions sought to change America. Remarkable speakers spread

their ideas through oratory, thrilling their audiences through powerful speeches that appealed

to both emotion and logic. Frederick Douglass, a black American, fought for black civil rights

through compelling speeches like “What to the slave is the Fourth of July?” which depicted the

terrors of slavery in graphic detail. Abraham Lincoln, on the other hand, spoke peacefully and

optimistically during his Second Inaugural Address to demonstrate his desire for peace and

reconciliation with the Confederate states. Both speakers captivated their audiences through

persuasive diction, tone, and argumentative methods in an effort to win them over and gain

their support.

Conflicts within the middling orders were more pronounced than peaceful cooperation. Tariffs

on imports were a boon to domestic manufacturers but a burden on merchants. Distribution of

largesse from the central government, whether paintings donated to provincial museums or

subsidies provided to struggling industries let to disputes about favoritism among cities and

regions. The issue of state support for sectarian schools became a contentious issue between

devout and secular citizens. The location of the railroad network, which speedily spread

through most of Europe in the 1840s and 1850s, became a matter of virtual economic life and

death across the map. And, … limitations on the right to vote on the basis of income were sore

points between bourgeois safely at home in the political elite and bourgeois aspiring to join

them Some of these contests were trivial: in the late nineteenth century, Munich and Berlin

engaged in a rivalry, carried on mainly in the press, over which was the cultural capital of

Germany. But most of the time, the stakes were higher than this. Economic self‐interest,

religious agendas, intellectual convictions, social competition, [and] the proper place of women

became political issues where bourgeois battled bourgeois. (Peter Gay, Schnitzler’s Century)

Slave spirituals often had hidden double meanings.

On one level, spirituals referenced heaven, Jesus, and the soul; but on

another level, the songs spoke about slave resistance.

For example, according to Frederick Douglass, the song “O Canaan,

Sweet Canaan” spoke of slaves’ longing for heaven, but it also

expressed their desire to escape to the North.

Careful listeners heard this second meaning in the following lyrics: “I

don’t expect to stay / Much longer here. / Run to Jesus, shun the

danger. / I don’t expect to stay.”

When slaves sang this song, they could have been speaking of their

departure from this life and their arrival in heaven; however, they also

could have been describing their plans to leave the South and run, not

to Jesus, but to the North.

Slaves even used songs like “Steal Away to Jesus (at midnight)” to

announce to other slaves the time and place of secret, forbidden

meetings.

What whites heard as merely spiritual songs, slaves discerned as

detailed messages. The hidden meanings in spirituals allowed slaves to

sing what they could not say.

Felix Driver, “Henry Morton Stanley and His Critics”

The history of exploration has until recently been dominated by two

sorts of historical writing: biographies, which of necessity focus on the

life and personality of individual explorers, and somewhat Whiggish

general histories, which have tended to celebrate the triumph of

modern geographical science over the mysteries of the earth. Neither

of these approaches is particularly well equipped to meet the

requirements of a more contextual perspective, concerned with the

wider contemporary significance of the ideas and practices of

exploration. In recent years, historians have paid much more attention

to the institutional, intellectual, and social contexts in which projects of

exploration were sustained, emphasizing in particular the relationship

between exploration and empire. Whether explorers like Stanley are

considered to be “progenitors” or merely “precursors’ of the new forms

of imperialism developing during the late nineteenth century, their

labors at the colonial frontier must be seen ii the wider context of

changing relationships between Europe and the non‐European world. It

has been suggested that the attitudes and assumptions of explorers

constitute a kind of “unofficial symbolic imperialism,” helping to define

the cultural terms on which unequal political relations between

colonizer and colonized could subsequently be established. The fact

that British explorers of Africa… received official sanction and support

is, according to this view, but one aspect of their contribution to

imperial history; another is their role in the popularization of myths and

fantasies about the non‐European world. For geographical exploration

did not merely overcome distance; it helped created “imaginative

geographies.” Joseph Conrad once described the most famous African

explorers as “conquerors of truth,” not because they exposed the inner

secretes of distant regions (as they often claimed), but rather because

they established particular ways of reading unknown landscapes.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

UNIT 3

1-READING:-

-(I Have A Dream) By Martin Luther King Jr

SUMMARY

The “I Have a Dream” speech by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was delivered during the 1963

March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. He gave the speech at the Lincoln Memorial in

Washington, D.C.; this speech expresses King’s notorious hope for America and the need for

change. He opens the speech by stating how happy he is to be with the marchers, and

emphasizes the historical significance of their march by calling it “the greatest

demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.” He talks about Abraham Lincoln

signing the Emancipation Proclamation one hundred years before the march. He calls that

proclamation “a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity,” where “their”

refers to those who were enslaved. King then comes to the problems faced by African

Americans in 1963, saying that one hundred years later, they still are not free. Instead, they

are “sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination.” He also

discusses the poverty endured by black Americans. King talks about when the founders of

the nation (“the architects of our republic”) wrote the Constitution and the Declaration of

Independence. He says they were writing a promissory note to every American, that all men

were guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, and that

this included black men as well as white. He states that America defaulted on that check

where black citizens are concerned by denying them those rights. “America has given the

Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked insufficient funds,” he

says.

King then adopts a more hopeful tone by adding that the “bank of justice” is not bankrupt.

He also states that there is urgency in their cause: “This is no time to engage in the luxury of

cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism.” He uses the seasons as a

metaphor to describe this urgency by saying that the legitimate discontent of African

Americans is a “sweltering summer,” and that freedom and equality will be an “invigorating

autumn.” He also promises that this protest is not going away. It’s not about voicing

grievances and then going back to the status quo: “The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to

shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges,” he states. King

then cautions his people not to commit any wrongful deeds. He says, “Let us not seek to

satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred.” This is a

crucially important sentiment, as King’s leadership was defined by civil disobedience, not

violence. He proved that real legal change could be made without resorting to violence.

Though there was much violence during the Civil Rights movement, he was always for

peace, and urged others to protest peacefully, what he calls in his speech “the high plane of

dignity and discipline.” He also stresses the importance of recognizing white people who

want to protest for this same cause—those allies that are necessary to its success. King

provides some specific goals. He says they can’t stop marching so long as they suffer police

brutality, so long as they’re turned away from hotels, so long as they’re confined to ghettos,

so long as they’re subject to segregation, and so long as they do not have the right to vote.

He then recognizes the struggles that many of the marchers have already endured, and asks

them to undertake that struggle again, and to have hope that their situation can and will

change.

Then comes the most famous part of this speech, for which it is titled. King says his dream is

“deeply rooted in the American dream.” This reinforces the protestors’ rights to equality in

America. He says he dreams that “the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave

owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.” This emphasizes the

need for black and white Americans to work together. Central to the message of this speech,

and the Civil Rights movement more generally, is this line: “I have a dream that my four little

children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin

but by the content of their character.” He talks about the importance of faith, and that “all

flesh shall see [the glory of the Lord] together.” That faith, he says, will help them in the

struggles they’ve faced, the struggles they still face, and those struggles yet to come as they

peacefully fight for liberty and equality. King then uses a line from the song, “My Country ‘Tis

of Thee”: “This will be the day, this will be the day when all of God’s children will be able to

sing with new meaning: ‘My country, ‘tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land

where my fathers died, land of the pilgrim’s pride, from every mountainside, let freedom

ring!’” Only by realizing this as truth, King says, can America become a great nation. He

begins the next section by mentioning mountainsides throughout the country, repeating

“Let freedom ring.” King closes the speech with another iconic line: “When all of God’s

children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be

able to join hands and sing the words of the old Negro spiritual: ‘Free at last! Free at last!

Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!’”

2- VOCABULARY :-

-SYNONYMS

Abate – lessen

Appear – seem

Authorized – approved

Beacon – guiding light for ships

Brainy – showing intelligence

Broad – wide

Captivity - imprisonment

Close – near

Craved – desire, want, wish, and yearn

Crippled – flawed or imperfect

Decree – official order

Decorated – adorned

Deity – god

Determine – decide

Disaster- debacle, tragedy

Drill – a custom

Elementary – basic

Emancipation - liberation

Foes – enemies

Futile – useless

Hazardous – grave, dangerous, risky

Ignoble – vile, base

Illicit – illegal, unlawful, secret

Impeccable – perfect, faultless, consummate

Impertinent – insolent, impudent, disrespectful

Importance – significance

Impostor – fake, pretender

Impregnable – invincible, unconquerable

Incorrigible – beyond, redemption, intractable

Infallible – unerring, trust worthy

Interminable – endless, continuous, ceaseless

Intractable – unmanageable, uncontrollable

Intrepid – fearless, undaunted

Junction – joining, juncture

Knave – dishonest

Lucid – clear

Manacles - handcuffs

Magnificent – beautiful

Mandatory – compulsory

Meticulous – careful

Pitch-and-toss – play catch with a ball

Pitiless – cold-blooded, heartless, merciless

Positive – favorable

Pressing – urgent, compelling

Proclamation – official statement

Rarely – seldom, infrequently

Seared – burnt or damaged

See – watch, observe

Segregation – seclusion or separateness

Sinew – muscle

Skinny – thin

Smart – showing quick intelligence

Stoop – condescend

Triumph – success, achievement

Wreck – damage, destroy

Yearly – annually

-ANTONYMS

Accept x reject

Acquit x convict

Active x inactive

Ambiguity x clarity

Amicable x unfriendly

Artificial x natural

Barren x fertile

Bend x straighten

Climax x anticlimax

Clock wise x anti clock wise

Confirmed x unconfirmed

Connect x disconnect

Consent x resent

Consistent x inconsistent

Dangerous x safe

Different x similar

Diffident x confident

Disposed x indisposed

Do x undo

Dormant x active

Eager x reluctant

Enviable x unenviable

Exclude x include

Exculpate x inculpate

Expensive x cheap, inexpensive

Follow x lead

Heavy x light

Honest x dishonest

Illegitimate x legitimate

Important x unimportant

Indefinite x definite

Intemperate x temperate

Inter x disinter

Introvert x extrovert

Lead x mislead

Legal x illegal

Legible x illegible

Lend x borrow

Like x dislike

Major x minor

Mortal x Immortal

Paucity x abundance

Possible x impossible

Powerful x powerless

Qualify x disqualify

Refute x accept

Reveal x conceal, hide

Satiable x insatiable

Sharp x blunt

Strict x lenient

Subside x increase

Success x failure

Timely x untimely

Transient x permanent

Undersized x oversized

Urban x rural

Vacant x occupied

Well-mannered x ill-mannered

-ONE WORD SUBSTITUTE

1. Stable: A place where horses kept.

2. Imigrant: One who leaves his own country to settle in another.

3. Amateur: One who odes something for pleasure but not as profession.

4. Hypocrite: A person who says one thing and does another.

5. Optimist: One who looks at the brighter side of life.

6. Pessimist: One who looks at the negative side of life.

7. Philanthropist: One who works for the betterment of the underprivileged people

through money.

8. Accomplice: A person who helps someone to do wrong or a crime.

9. Infallible: Never making a mistake.

10. Spendthrift: One who spends lavishly.

11. Inevitable: Something that cannot be ignored.

12. Panacea: A remedy for all diseases.

13. Tee-totaller: One who abstain himself from alcoholic drinks and other harmful drugs.

14. Veteran: One who has long experience in a particular field.

15. Idealist: One who ahs noble ideas.

16. Inedible: Impossible to forget.

17. Nostalgia: Longing for past.

18. Obliterate: Removecompletely.

19. Pacifist: One who believes in peace.

20. Sadist: One who gets pleasure hurting someone.

21. Altruist: one, who considers the happiness and well-being of others first.

22. Arbitrator: a person, appointed by two parties to solve a dispute.

23. Connoisseur: a critical judge/expert of any art and craft.

24. Volunteer: one, who offers one's services.

25. Philistine: one who does not care for art and literature.

26. Plagiarism: literary theft or passing off an author's original work as one's own.

27. Facsimile: an exact copy of handwriting, printing etc.

28. Epicure: one, who is devoted to the pleasure of eating and drinking.

29. Cynosure: Centre of attraction.

30. Enigma: mysterious personality.

31. Antidote: Medicine given to counteract poison or disease.

32. Anarchist: One who belives in no government and therefore incites disorder in a state.

33. Archive: A place where government /public records are kept.

34. Arbitrator: Some one who is designated to hear both sides of disputes.

35. Boulevard: A broad road bordered with trees.

36. Conceited: To have a very high opinion of one self.

37. Customs: A government tax on goods bought into the country.

38. Excise: A government tax on goods within a country.

39. Compliance: Obeying rules and requests.

40. Emend: To correct the mistakes in manuscript.

41. Innocuous: That which cannot be harmful or dangerous.

42. Examinee: A person who is taking examination.

43. Colleague: An associate in the same office or profession.

44. Collusion: A secret understanding or agreement between two parties in order to

deceive or harm someone.

45. Bureaucracy: Government dominated by officials.

46. Incorrigible: A person or behaviour beyond reform.

47. Consummate: Perfect or complete in every way.

48. Demagogue: A political leader who seeks support by appealing to desires and

prejudices rather than by using rational arguement.

49. Ascetic: Characterized by severe self- discipline and abstention from all forms of

indulgence,typically for religious reasons.

50. Immenent: About to happen.

51. Hedonist: One who lives for pleasure.

52. Bourgeoisies : Member of middle class.

53. Immemorial: Too old to be remembered.

54. Judicious: Sound in judgement

55. Sanctimonious: Making a show of piety.

56. Windfall: An expected piece of good fortune.

57. Witticism :A clever and amusing saying.

58. Urbane: Confident ,comfortable and polite in social situations.

59. Magnanimous: Generous or forgiving especially towards rival orless powerful person.

60. Stoical :Enduring pain and hardship without showing one’s feelings or complaints.

61. Perspicacious: Having a ready insight into and understanding of things.

62. Atheist: One who has no belief in God.

63. Philanthropist: One who helps the poor and needy.

64. Rhetoric :The art of elegant speech or writing.

65. Xenophobia :Fear of strangers.

66. Lexicologist :One who studies the history and meaning of words.

67. Raconteur :One who is good at telling stories or anecdotes.

68. Arsenal :A place for ammunition & weapons.

69. Anthology :A collection of poems.

70. Brettle :easily broken.

71. Connoisseur :expert in art –fine arts.

72. Cosmopolitan :One who is free from national limitations.

73. Explicit :fully and clearly expressed.

74. Extempore :Spoken without previous preparation.

75. Elucidate :To explain something mysterious or difficult.

76. Epitaph :Words written on the tomb of a person.

77. Fastidious :A person difficult to please.

78. Insolvent :Incapable of paying one’s debts.

79. Incombustible :That which cannot be burnt.

80. Indefensible :That which cannot be defended.

81. Misanthropist :One who hates mankind.

82. Obsolete :A thing no longer in use.

83. Pseudonym :An imaginary name assumed by an author for disguise.

84. Paleography :The study of ancient writing.

85. Posthumous: A child born after the death of his father.

86. Extempore: A speech made without preparation.

87. Catalogue: A list of books, articles, things etc.

88. Curator: A person incharge of a museum.

89. Snob: A person who is careful of a social status.

90. Turncoat: A person appointed by two parties to settle dispute.

91. Manuscript: A paper written by hand.

92. Equilibrium: A state of perfect balance.

93. Germicide: A medicine that kills germs.

94. Epitaph: Words inscribed on a tomb

95. Unanimous: With one voice, a decision, opinion on which all are agreed.

96. Bankrupt: One who cannot pay debt.

97. Credulous: One who readily believe others.

98. Parasite: One who lives on others.

99. Egoism: A belief that actions result from selfishness.

100.Theocracy: Government by religious principles.

3-GRAMMAR:-

-VOICE

Active and Passive Voice

Voice refers to the form of a verb that indicates when a grammatical subject performs the action

or is the receiver of the action. When a sentence is written in the active voice, the subject

performs the action; in the passive voice, the subject receives the action. In academic writing, it

is generally preferred to choose an active verb and pair it with a subject that names the person or

thing doing or performing the action. Active verbs are stronger and usually more emphatic than

forms of the verb “be” or verbs in the passive voice.

Active: The award-winning chef prepares each meal with loving care.

Passive: Each meal is prepared with loving care by the award-winning chef.

In the above example of an active sentence, the simple subject is “chef” and “prepares” is the

verb: the chef prepares “each meal with loving care.” In the passive sentence, “meal” is the

simple subject and “is prepared” is the verb: each meal is prepared “by the award-winning chef.”

In effect, the object of the active sentence becomes the subject in the passive sentence. Although

both sentences have the same basic components, their structure makes them different from each

other. Active sentences are about what people (or things) do, while passive sentences are about

what happens to people (or things).

USING THE AUXILIARY VERB “BE”

The passive voice is formed by using a form of the auxiliary verb “be” (be, am, is, are, was,

were, being, been) followed by the past participle of the main verb.

Active Passive

He loves me. I am loved.

We took our children to the circus. The children were taken to the circus.

A thief stole my money. My money was stolen.

Notice how the “be” auxiliaries change the meaning of the verbs from action to condition or

from “doing” to “being.”

He remembers his grandmother. (“he” is doing an action: remembering)

His grandmother is remembered. (“she” is in a condition: being remembered)

In this way, the past participle functions very much like an adjective; it describes the subject.

The woman is pretty. She is a pretty woman

The woman is married. She is a married woman.

VERB TENSES USED IN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

The following is a summary of active and passive forms of all verb tenses. Remember that in

active forms the subject of the sentence is the person or thing that does the action. In passive

constructions, the verb is performed by someone or something other than the subject; often, the

action is done to the subject by someone else.

Present Time

• Simple Present

Use the simple present tense to make a generalization, to present a state of being, or to

indicate a habitual or repeated action.

Active Passive

base form or “-s/-es” form am/is/are + past participle

Professor Brown teaches at Hunter.

All humans are equal.

Sonia is taught by Professor Brown.

All humans are created equal.

Maria eats in the cafeteria. The cafeteria is cleaned

• Present Progressive

Use the present progressive to describe an ongoing activity or a temporary action.

Active Passive

am/is/are + -ing am/is/are + being + -ed/-en

The students are learning Spanish. Classes are being conducted in Spanish.

He is being hired to work at McDonald’s.

I am working at McDonald’s until I finish

school.

• Present Perfect

Use the present perfect to describe an action occurring in the past but relevant to the

present, or extending to the present.

Active Passive

has/have + -ed/-en has/have + been + -ed/-en

Hunter has opened a language institute in

East Harlem.

The language institute has been opened to

relocate students off the main campus.

Hunter has offered E.S.L courses for

twenty years.

E.S.L. courses have been offered since the

beginning of Open Admissions

• Present Perfect Progressive

Use the present perfect progressive to describe an ongoing action beginning before now and

is still relevant to the present.

Active Passive

has/have + been + -ing has/have + been + being + -ed/-en

Hunter has been awarding BA and MA

diplomas for over one hundred years.

Note: Because of awkward construction, the perfect progressive form is not used in the passive

voice. Instead, an adverb may be used to show continuing action: “We have been repeatedly

scolded for being late.”

Past Time

• Simple Past

Use the simple past to indicate a general or habitual action occurring in the past or at a

specific time in the past.

Active Passive

base + -ed or irregular form

was/were + -ed/-en

Our family bought all our clothes at Sears

when I was young.

The clothes were bought by my mother

On my fifteenth birthday, my uncle gave

me one hundred dollars

The money was given to me to buy new

clothes.

When I was in high school, my friends

and I drove to the mall on weekends.

We were always driven to the mall by my

friend's older brother.

In informal conversation, speakers of English often express habitual behavior in the past using

the modal “would.”

Active

would + base

Passive

would + be + -ed/-en

We would usually eat burgers in the food

court.

Most of the french fries would be eaten

before we got to the table.

• Past Progressive

Use the past progressive to indicate an ongoing action in the past or an action continuing

through a specific past time.

Active Passive

was/were + -ing

was/were + being + -ed/-en

Mary and Paul were dating in those days. One afternoon, Mary was being kissed by

Paul when her mother passed by.

• Past Perfect

Use the past perfect to indicate an action completed prior to a particular time or before

another action in the past.

Active Passive

had + -ed/-en

had + been + -ed/-en

Completed:

Mary's mother was shocked because she

had forbidden her daughter to date.

Mary had been kissed many times before

that day.

• Past Perfect Progressive

Use the past perfect progressive to indicate a continuing action that began before a past

action or time.

Active Passive

had + been + -ing had + been + being + -ed/-en

Mary had been trying to tell her mother

about Paul for a long time.

Future Time

• Simple Future

Use the future to indicate an action that is expected to take place at a future time.

Active Passive

will + base

will + be + -ed/-en

Paul and Mary will marry in June. They will be married by a priest and a

rabbi.

or or

am/is/are going to + base

am/is/are + going to be + -ed/-en

Mary is going to wear her grandmother's

gown.

The gown is going to be adjusted to fit

Mary.

• Future Progressive

Use the future progressive to indicate an action in future with emphasis on continuing

action.

Active Passive

will + base + -ing will + be + being + -ed/en

Mary and Paul will be spending lots of

time on the beach.

Note: Not used in the passive voice.

• Future Perfect

Use the future perfect to indicate a future action expected to be completed before another

future action or time.

Active Passive

will + have + -ed/-en will + have + been + -ed/en

By their wedding date, they will have

saved enough money to buy a house.

Note: Not used in the passive voice.

• Future Perfect Progressive

Use the future perfect progressive to indicate an action projected to have been going on for

a while before a time in the future.

Active Passive

will + have + been + -ing will + have + been + being + -ed/-en

When they celebrate their first

anniversary, they will have been living

together for a full year.

Note: Not used in the passive voice.

WHEN TO USE PASSIVE VOICE

Although active voice is generally preferred in academic writing, passive voice is acceptable

under certain conditions.

Use passive voice

• to emphasize the receiver of the action instead of the doer

Quizzes are given regularly.

Grades for all students are averaged.

Questions are encouraged.

• to keep the focus on the same subject through several sentences or paragraphs

My sister and I grew up and went to school in Jamaica. We were

educated according to the British system. In 1997 we were given

the opportunity to come to the United States. We decided to finish

high school before leaving our own country. We were concerned

that the education in this country might not be as good as the one

we had there, and we wanted to improve our English too.

• when we do not know who performed the action:

Ray's calculator was made in Germany.

The answers have been filled in.

• when we do not wish to mention the doer of the action:

Many problems have been ignored for too long.

I was given some bad advice.

Note: This use often reveals an unwillingness to take responsibility (or place it on someone else).

Substitute: For:

“A mistake was made.” “I made a mistake.”

“Not enough has been done to

end homelessness.”

“We have not done enough to end

homelessness.”

“You have been misinformed.” “You are wrong.”

• when we want to sound objective or avoid using the subject “I”

Studies have shown . . .

It is well-known . . .

Hamlet is considered . . .

It can be assumed . . .

It has been established . . .

4- WRITING:-

-Letter Writing

: 1 COMPLAINT LETTER

Xxxx
House no 2-87/8/9/1
Road no 12 Sender’s Address
Xyz colony
Himayathnagar
Hyderabad -500024
6/02/2019 Date
The Manager
Xyz enterprises
Road no 12 Receiver’s Address
ABC Nagar
Nampally
Hyderabad -500024
Sir Salutation
Sub: Complaint regarding defective XXXX washing machine purchased at Subject line
Electronics world on 15 June 2018.
I bought an XXX washing machine of capacity 6.5 kg with top load from an
authorized dealer, Electronics World on 15 June 2018. After about
06 months, it stopped working. When I inform this to the dealer, he got First Para
it checked and told me that motor unit is completely burnt out beyond repair.
Since the machine has a guarantee of 05 years, I asked him to replace it.
But no action has been taken after several remainders from me.
Hence I bring this situation to your attention as you have good reputation in
Indian markets. I believe I would get a quick response from you and get it Second Para
replaced through the local dealer. I have enclosed the copies of cash memo
and guarantee card.
Thank you in advance. Closing line
Sincerely Yours
Signature
Name
Encl:. 1. Copy of cash memo
2. Copy of guarantee card

SAMPLE : 2 ADJUSTMENT LETTER

The Manager
Xyz enterprises
Road no 12
Nampally
Hyderabad -500024
11/02/2019
Xxxx
House no 2-87/8/9/1
Road no 12
Xyz colony
Himayathnagar
Hyderabad -500024
Sir
Sub: Response to the complaint letter regarding the defective XXXX washing machine.
Ref: Letter no 00000123/2/45/2019 Dated 6 /2 /2019.
We are sorry to hear from you about the inconvenience caused you have faced with the recently
purchased XXXX washing machine. We are thankful to you for bringing this matter to our notice.
We have contacted our dealer and got the details of your washing machine. We will rectify the
error, in case if the machine needs to be replaced. Our executive would do the needful within 48
hours.
We are extremely sorry about this delay. We assure you our best services and guarantee to the
customer.
Thank you in advance
Faithfully Yours
Signature
Name
Designation

SAMPLE : 3 ENQUIRY LETTER

Xxxx
House no 2-87/8/9/1
Road no 12
Xyz colony
Himayathnagar
Hyderabad -500024
11/02/2019
Manager
Hari travels limited
Lane 25
ooty -585
Sir
Sub: Enquiry of details about the Ooty tour
I happened to go through your travel website and I am quite impressed with the wide range of
travel and tourism services which your company is offering.
I am planning to go on a holiday with my family later this year to Ooty for a week. It would be great
if you could send me a detailed information regarding the holiday package to Assam. If there are
any specialist tours included, please send me their details too.
Please include in the itinerary, the transportation charges, hotel reservations and tour guide
charges.
I look forward to hear from you
Thank you
Faithfully Yours
Signature
Name

SAMPLE : 4 ENQUIRY LETTER

Xxxx
House no 2-87/8/9/1
Road no 12
Xyz colony
Himayathnagar
Hyderabad -500024
11/02/2019
The Manager
ABC coachng center
Lane 25
New Delhi -585
Sir
Sub: Enquiry of GATE coaching classes-Reg
This is with reference to your adversitement in the Indian Express for GATE coaching classes.
I have appeared for my final year examinations of B.E ( branch ) from Osmania University and I am
awaiting the result.I am interested top join your coaching classes for appearing in GATE-2019.
Kindly let me know the procedure of applying for screening test and also the date of the test.I
would like to know the duration of the coaching classes and frequency per week.Information about
fee structure and mode of paynebt if given would be apprecaited .
I look forward to hear from you
Thank you
Faithfully Yours
Signature
Name
____________________________________________________________________________

RESPONSE TO THIS ENQUIRY LETTER

Sir
Sub: Response to Enquiry of GATE coaching classes-Reg
Ref: Letter no 00000123/2/45/2019 Dated 11 /2 /2019.
Thank you for your interest in taking coaching for GATE 2019. The application is available online on
our website www.gatecoaching.com .you may download the form from the mentioned website. You
are requested to fill in the form online and send it along with a scanned photograph and B.E 1,2,3, 4
Year Marks Memo .The date of entrance examination is tentatively 20th march. The duration of the
programme is seven weeks and fee payable is 15000/-.
A copy of our prospectus is enclosed along with the letter.

SAMPLE : 4 OFFICIAL LETTER TO PRINCIPAL.

NAME: xxxxxx
BRANCH: XXXXX
ROLL NO-xxxx
2 FEBRUARY,2016
The principal
Deccan college of engineering and technology
Hyderabad
Sir,
Sub: Report on the Two-Day workshop on Personality Development for the
professionals conducted on 25 and 26 January 2016.
A two-day international conference on personality development for professionals as successfully
organized during 25 &26 January 2016 by Amazon. It had attracted 150 participants from
different colleges. It was very informative and knowledge orientated.
The workshop emphasized the importance of communication skills, non-verbal cues and soft
skills.10 invited speakers delivered talks on relevance of impressive personality in business
organizations. The speakers stressed on importance of quality education in building personality.
This workshop served as a platform to widen our knowledge on various aspects of personality
development for professionals to work in cooperate world and meet its challenges.
Thank you,
Yours sincerely,
Xxxxxxx

SAMPLE : 5 OFFICIAL LETTER TO POLICE

Xxxx
House no 2-87/8/9/1
Road no 12
Xyz colony
Himayathnagar
Hyderabad -500024.
11/02/2019
The Superintendent of Police
Hyderabad district
Hyderabad -5000024.
Sir,
Sub: Request for traffic signal near Aghapura road connecting to XYZ college.-Reg.
I am a student of B.E First Year of XYZ college, Nampally, Hyderabad .I would like to draw your kind
attention towards the danger that our college students face every day. Our college is situated on
one of the busiest roads of Nampally –Aghapura road. .Almost at every hour of the day, one can see
endless stream of vehicles and huge traffic jam on this road connecting our college from Nampally
Railway Station.
The students are facing lot of difficulties while reaching the college .I would like to mention that
during last two months there have been 12 cases of minor accidents on this road. Vehicles do not
stop for the students to cross the road.
I humbly request you to draw your kind attention towards this problem and install a traffic signal
post at Aghapura road so that students will have feasibility in crossing the road. Moreover, this
would be safe for everyone.
Thank you,
Sincerely yours,
Signature
Name

 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

UNIT 4

1-READING:-

(ROAD NOT TAKEN) BY ROBERT FROST

SUMMARY

The first poem in Frost’s book Mountain Interval, “The Road Not Taken,” has long

been a popular favorite. Like many of his poems, it seems simple, but it is not

exactly straightforward, and even perceptive readers have disagreed

considerably over its best interpretation. It looks like a personal poem about a

decision of vast importance, but there is evidence to the contrary both inside

and outside the poem. Frost has created a richly mysterious reading experience

out of a marvelous economy of means.

The first significant thing about “The Road Not Taken” is its title, which

presumably refers to an unexercised option, something about which the

speaker can only speculate. The traveler comes to a fork in a road through a

“yellow wood” and wishes he could somehow manage to “travel both” routes; he

rejects that aspiration as impractical, however, at least for the day at hand. The

road he selects is “the one less traveled by,” suggesting the decision of an

individualist, someone little inclined to follow the crowd. Almost immediately,

however, he seems to contradict his own judgment: “Though as for that the

passing there/ Had worn them really about the same.” The poet appears to

imply that the decision is based on evidence that is, or comes close to being, an

illusion.

The contradictions continue. He decides to save the first, (perhaps) more

traveled route for another day but then confesses that he does not think it

probable that he will return, implying that this seemingly casual and

inconsequential choice is really likely to be crucial—one of the choices of life that

involve commitment or lead to the necessity of other choices that will divert the

traveler forever from the original stopping place. In the final stanza, the traveler

says that he will be “telling this with a sigh,” which may connote regret. His

choice, in any event, “has made all the difference.” The tone of this stanza,

coupled with the title, strongly suggests that the traveler, if not regretting his

choice, at least laments the possibilities that the need to make a choice leave

unfulfilled.

Has Frost in mind a particular and irrevocable choice of his own, and if so, what

feeling, in this poem of mixed feelings, should be regarded as dominant? There

is no way of identifying such a specific decision from the evidence of the poem

itself. Although a prejudice exists in favor of identifying the “I” of the poem with

the author in the absence of evidence to the contrary, the speaker may not be

Frost at all. On more than one occasion the poet claimed that this poem was

about his friend Edward Thomas, a man inclined to indecisiveness out of a

strong—and, as Frost thought, amusing—habit of dwelling on the irrevocability

of decisions. If so, the reference in the poem’s final stanza to “telling” of the

experience “with a sigh/ Somewhere ages and ages hence” might be read not

only as the boast of Robert Frost, who “tells” it as long as people read the poem,

but also as a perpetual revelation of Thomas, also a fine poet.

What is clear is that the speaker is, at least, a person like Thomas in some

respects (though there may well be some of Frost in him also). Critics of this

poem are likely always to argue whether it is an affirmation of the crucial nature

of the choices people must make on the road of life or a gentle satire on the sort

of temperament that always insists on struggling with such choices. The extent

of the poet’s sympathy with the traveler also remains an open question.

Frost composed this poem in four five-line stanzas with only two end rhymes in

each stanza (abaab). The flexible iambic meter has four strong beats to the line.

Of the technical achievements in “The Road Not Taken,” one in particular shows

Frost’s skill at enforcing meaning through form. The poem ends:

Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—I took the one less traveled by,And that

has made all the difference.

The indecision of the speaker—his divided state of mind—is heightened by the

repetition of “I,” split by the line division and emphasized by the rhyme and

pause. It is an effect possible only in a rhymed and metrical poem—and thus a

good argument for the continuing viability of traditional forms.

2-VOCABULARY :-

-HOMONYMS, HOMOPHONES ,HOMOGRAPHS/HETERONYMS

Some examples of Homonyms:

Bank (1. river bank, 2. bank account)

Lie (1. to tell a falsehood, 2. to lie on the bed)

Fine (1. to pay a monetary penalty, 2. superior quality or skill)

Light (1. sunlight, 2. light as a feather)

Pound (1. a weight, 2. to forcefully strike)

Tip (1. pencil tip, 2. to knock or fall over, 3. a gratuity)

Zip (1. to close or open a zipper, 2. to move fast)

News let ter Date

Volume 1, I s sue 1

Homonyms: spelled the same, sound the same but mean different things.

Homophones: spelled the same or differently, sound the same, and mean different things.

Homograph/Heteronym: spelled the same, sound differently, and have different meanings.

Today’s lesson is about “tricky” words. These words often confuse even native speakers.

While these types of words may have long and complicated names, the words

themselves are often used in the English language.

their (possessive form of they)

there (location)

they’re (contraction of they are)

to (movement, toward)

too (also, as well)

two (the number 2)

your (possessive form of you)

you’re (contraction of you are)

affect (to influence or to change)

effect (result)

Some examples of Homophones:

close ([klōz] to shut, to block entry)

close ([klōs] near)

lead ([lēd] to guide or direct on a way, to go

first)

lead ([led] a soft pliable metal often used in

batteries and solder, pencil lead)

Some examples of Heteronyms

than (a comparison)

then (refers to a time in the past)

its (possessive form of it)

it’s (contraction of it is or it has)

ascent (to climb or to rise)

assent (to agree)

accept (a verb, meaning to receive or to

admit to a group)

except (usually a preposition, meaning

but or only)

present ([pre-zənt] a gift)

present ([pre-zənt} current time, now existing)

present ([pri-ˈzent] to give a presentation)

wind ([wīnd] to wind a clock, to turn repeatedly

about an object)

3- GRAMMAR:-

-NARRATION(DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH)

4- WRITING:-

REPORT WRITING

TECHNICAL WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

A report is a formal communication written for a specific purpose. A report is generally written to describe an event, an experiment, a project or for business purposes. It includes factual information, description of a problem, process, etc. It presents and ' interprets data and suggests solutions and recommendations using a standard format and layout. Technical reports include laboratory reports and organisation reports.

Report writing has become an important part of business writing in the twenty first century where executives do not have the time to read lengthy, descriptive essays. A report presents specific information that can include numerical and other data included under relevant headings.

ELEMENTS OF A REPORT AND GUIDELINES FOR REPORT WRITING

COVER PAGE

·         Have a clear and complete title. This should indicate the subject and the nature of the report.

·         Mention the author's name.

·         Mention for whom the report is written.

·         Mention the date of submission.

TITLE PAGE

·         Have the same details as on the cover page.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

·         List all headings and subheadings.

·         Give page numbers against the first page of each section.

·         Include the full titles of the appendices.

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

·         List all figures and tables.

·         Give page numbers for each.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

·         Acknowledge contributions.

·         Mention the nature of the contributions.

SUMMARY

·         Give a complete and compact summary.

·         Mention the background and procedure briefly.

·         Summarise the key information.

·         Present conclusions, and recommendations.

·         Do not include any information that is not presented in the report.

INTRODUCTION

·         Present the background and purpose of the report.

·         Indicate the scope and limitations of the report.

·         Review important previous work or research on the topic.

·         Include subsequent sections or subsections appropriate to structure.

·         Explain when, where, and how the study/survey/research was done.

·         Include subsections or informative headings as appropriate.

BODY : DATA AND DISCUSSION

·         Present the findings and analysis clearly, systematically and logically.

·         Use lists, tables, and figures to present information.

·         Explain, discuss, and evaluate findings.

·         Include citations for the information taken from sources.

CONCLUSION

·         Summarise the key findings in the report and explain their significance.

·         Include only conclusions that flow from the data and discussion presented.

·         Show how the report's objectives have been met.

·         Suggest recommendations.

APPENDICES

·         Enclose survey questionnaires and others used.

·         Give appropriate titles to your appendices. (e.g. Appendix A: Background Questionnaire)

REFERENCES

·         Follow a standard and appropriate format.

·         List all sources of borrowed information.

·         Include all necessary information in the format that is given below.

JOURNAL ARTICLES

author, date of publication, title, journal title, volume and issue number, and page extent.

BOOKS

author, date of publication, title, place of publication and publisher.

INTERNET SOURCES

author, date of publication, title, internet address, and the date you accessed the source.

FORM AND LAYOUT

·         Use a standard and clear structure.

·         Use right space, headings, bold type, underlining, caps, bullets, numbering, etc.

·         Make the information clear and accessible.

·         Use lists to present objectives, conclusions, and recommendations.

·         Number the headings using a decimal numbering system.

·         Maintain consistency and follow prescribed conventions.

·         Highlight all sub-titles and make sure that they are written in the same margin. This enables the reader to read the information in the report at a glance.

WRITING STYLE

·         Present the content, making it relevant to the audience and purpose.

·         Make it free of jargon, if the report is intended for a non-technical audience.

·         Use a straightforward, concise, and clear style.

·         Use the active voice rather than the passive.

·         Present methodology sections in the passive voice.

·         Use the correct sequence of tense (e.g., the past tense to describe work completed and the present tense for conclusions and general statements).

·         Have a coherent flow linking new information to the known.

·         Use correct grammar, punctuation, and spelling.

SAMPLE ORGANISATION REPORT

Cover page

Report No. 12

A feasibility report on the opening of

'Shoppers World' at DBC Road

Submitted by

R. Sekhar

Sales Officer

'Shoppers World'

Anand Nagar

Submitted to

The Sales Manager

Hyderabad Region

Submitted on

24 March 2019

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Introduction

'Shoppers world', an already established name among the super markets, intends to extend its service to DBC Road, Amrit Nagar, Hyderabad. This report is submitted in response to letter no. 264, dated 10 February 2010 from the Sales Manager, Hyderabad region.

Steps taken

A team of three persons visited the area to find out about the kind of shops running there, the availability of space for the intended mall and the cost involved in procuring the necessary land or building.

A survey was undertaken to evaluate the kind of reception the new mall would have among the residents of the locality concerned.

Results

The visiting team found that there are many exclusive shops for groceries, textiles, steel utensils and crockery and electronic goods but there is no super market that has all these facilities under one roof. The team has also found that there are seven to eight new residential complexes in that area, apart from a few old ones.

The door-to-door survey indicates that about 80 percent of the women go out to work and more than 90 percent of them prefer to have a super market where they can finish their shopping at one go.

There is a three-floor building vacated by a hotelier recently, which is on sale.

The purchase price is between ten to eleven crores.

Recommendations

Considering the prospective success, it is strongly recommended that the new branch of 'Shoppers World' be opened at the earliest, at DBC Road, Secunderabad.

Appendix A: A topography of DBC Road, Hyderabad with the existing buildings.

Appendix B: A detailed building plan of 'Star Nite', the three-storeyed hotel which is for sale.

Appendix C: A questionnaire distributed among the residents of the locality.

SAMPLE 2   ( WRITE SIMPLE LIKE A PARAGRAPH) this is your syllabus

Brief Report On An Accident I saw……!!! :

 Life is not less than a drama film.it has action, it has thriller, it has comedy and it has tragedy. We don’t know on which path we are travelling and on which path we will be meeting some accident, some incident or some condition. This is how life flows and we have to swim through 

Yesterday I saw a heart thrilling accident. I was going market to buy some food and one car was coming from my opposite side. I don’t know what happened, but suddenly it got bummed with a tree. But thank god no harm had touched to driver only car was badly damaged. Police is saying that the break got failed and car met with a tree.it was terrible sound when it happened. I and other people around me ran fast. First we took out person from the car and treated him with water. Then suddenly the person was taken to hospital as he was threatened. One of us called police and took the car to garage.

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UNIT 5  

1- READING:-

-(THE SPORTING SPIRIT) BY GEORGE ORWELL

2- VOCABULARY:- 

-INCLUSIVE LANGUAGE

What this handout is about

This handout will help you make decisions about using gendered language in your writing.

What is gendered language, and why should you be aware of it?

You have probably encountered documents that use masculine nouns and pronouns to refer to

subject(s) whose gender is unclear or variable, or to groups that contain people who are not

actually men. For example, the U.S. Declaration of Independence states that “all men are created

equal.” Generations of Americans have been taught that in this context, the word “men” should

be read as including both men and women. Other common instances of gendered language

include words that assume connections between jobs or roles and gender (like “policeman”) and

language conventions that differ depending on the gender of the person being discussed (like

using titles that indicate a person’s marital status).

English has changed since the Declaration of Independence was written. Most readers no longer

understand the word “man” to be synonymous with “person,” so clear communication requires

writers to be more precise. And using gender-neutral language has become standard practice in

both journalistic and academic writing, as you’ll see if you consult the style manuals for different

academic disciplines (APA, MLA, and Chicago, for example).

Tackling gendered references in your writing can be challenging, especially since there isn’t (and

may never be) a universally agreed upon set of concrete guidelines on which to base your

decisions. But there are a number of different strategies you can “mix and match” as necessary.

Gendered nouns

“Man” and words ending in “-man” are the most commonly used gendered nouns in English.

These words are easy to spot and replace with more neutral language, even in contexts where

many readers strongly expect the gendered noun. For example, Star Trek writers developing

material for contemporary viewers were able to create a more inclusive version of the famous

phrase “where no man has gone before” while still preserving its pleasing rhythm: Star Trek

explorers now venture “where no one has gone before.”

Here’s a list of gendered nouns and some alternatives listed below. Check a thesaurus for

alternatives to gendered nouns not included in this list.

Gendered noun Gender-neutral noun

man person, individual

mankind people, human beings, humanity

freshman first-year student

man-made machine-made, synthetic, artificial

the common man the average person

chairman chair, chairperson, coordinator, head

mailman mail carrier, letter carrier, postal worker

policeman police officer

steward, stewardess flight attendant

actor, actress actor

congressman legislator, congressional representative

Sir (in “Dear Sir,” etc.) Dear Sir or Madam, Dear Editor, Dear Members of the Search Committee, To Whom it Sometimes writers modify nouns that refer to jobs or positions to indicate the sex of the person

holding that position. This happens most often when the sex of the person goes against

conventional expectations. For example, some people may assume, perhaps unconsciously, that

doctors are men and that nurses are women. Sentences like “The female doctor walked into the

room” or “The male nurse walked into the room” reinforce such assumptions. Unless the sex of

the subject is important to the meaning of the sentence, it should be omitted. (Here’s an example

where the health care professional’s sex might be relevant: “Some women feel more comfortable

seeing female gynecologists.”)

Titles and names

Another example of gendered language is the way the titles “Mr.,” “Miss,” and “Mrs.” are used.

“Mr.” can refer to any man, regardless of whether he is single or married, but “Miss” and “Mrs.”

define women by whether they are married, which until quite recently meant defining them by

their relationships with men. A simple alternative when addressing or referring to a woman is

“Ms.” (which doesn’t indicate marital status).

Another note about titles: some college students are in the habit of addressing most women older

than them, particularly teachers, as “Mrs.,” regardless of whether the woman in question is

married. It’s worth knowing that many female faculty and staff (including married women)

prefer to be addressed as “Ms.” or, if the term applies, “Professor” or “Dr.”

Writers sometimes refer to women using only their first names in contexts where they would

typically refer to men by their full names, last names, or titles. But using only a person’s first

name is more informal and can suggest a lack of respect. For example, in academic writing, we

don’t refer to William Shakespeare as “William” or “Will”; we call him “Shakespeare” or

“William Shakespeare.” So we should refer to Jane Austen as “Austen” or “Jane Austen,” not

just “Jane.”

Similarly, in situations where you would refer to a man by his full title, you should do the same

for a woman. For example, if you wouldn’t speak of American President Reagan “Ronald” or

“Ronnie,” avoid referring to British Prime Minister Thatcher as “Margaret” or “Maggie.”

Pronouns

A pronoun is a word that substitutes for a noun. The English language provides pronoun options

for references to masculine nouns (for example, “he” can substitute for “Juan”), feminine nouns

(“she” can replace “Keisha”), and neutral/non-human nouns (“it” can stand in for “a tree”). But

English offers no widely-accepted pronoun choice for gender-neutral, third-person singular

nouns that refer to people (“the writer,” “a student,” or “someone”). As we discussed at the

beginning of this handout, the practice of using masculine pronouns (“he,” “his,” “him”) as the

“default” is outdated and will confuse or offend many readers.

So what can you do when you’re faced with one of those gender-neutral or gender-ambiguous

language situations? You have several options.

1. Use more than one pronoun

In situations where a pronoun needs to refer to a person whose gender isn’t known, writers

sometimes use “he or she” or “he/she” (or even “s/he”), “her/him,” etc., as we did in the example

just above. Putting the masculine form first is more conventional; “she or he” may distract

readers but does make the point that women are not just being added onto the generic “he.”

Here are some examples:

When the winner has been selected, she or he will be advanced to the next round of the

competition.

OR

Our agreement is that the first person who picks up his or her cell phone must treat the

rest of the group to dinner.

While this solution specifically includes women and men and works well in many situations,

some readers find it stylistically awkward, especially when “she or he” or “she/he” is repeated

many times throughout a piece of writing. Also, by going out of its way to refer to

multiple genders, this approach risks calling attention to gender in situations where it’s not

relevant. And using “she or he” or similar constructions can also inadvertently exclude people

who do not refer to themselves using either pronoun.

2. Alternate genders and pronouns

Another strategy for gender-aware writers is alternating genders, using masculine pronouns in

some places and feminine ones in others. This option will work only in certain situations,

though—usually hypothetical situations in which the referent is equally likely to be male or

female. For example, students of all genders use the Writing Center’s services, so the author of

our staff manual chose to alternate between masculine and feminine pronouns when writing the

items in a list of guidelines for writing coaches:

Ask her to describe her purpose and audience and show how she has taken them into

account in her writing.

Respond as a reader, explaining what you were thinking as you read his text so that he

can discover where a reader might struggle with his writing.

Of course, our staff manual writer had other options, like including both pronouns in each

sentence by using “her/his” or “her/him.” In this case, though, alternating “he” and “she”

conveys the same sense of gender variability and is likely a little easier on the reader, who won’t

have to pause to process several different options every time a gendered pronoun is needed in the

sentence.

Another approach would be to simply repeat “the student,” but “ask the student to describe the

student’s purpose and audience and show how the student has taken them into account in the

student’s writing” doesn’t sound very good. The writer could have used plural forms, like

“respond as a reader, explaining what you were thinking as you read their texts so that they can

discover where a reader might struggle with their writing,” but that sentence doesn’t capture the

emphasis on one-on-one conversation between writing coach and writer. The switch to “a

reader” is jarring when the other nouns are plural. And the writing coach is a particular reader,

not a representative for all readers, so switching to “where readers might struggle” doesn’t work.

Our staff manual writer’s situation is a great example of how useful it is to know several

strategies so you can choose the one that best fits your current writing context.

3. Try making the nouns and pronouns plural

If it works for your particular sentence, using plural forms is often an excellent option. Here’s an

example of a sentence that can easily be rephrased:

A student who loses too much sleep may have trouble focusing during [his/her] exams.

If we make “student” plural and adjust the rest of the sentence accordingly, there’s no need for

gendered language (and no confusion or loss of meaning):

Students who lose too much sleep may have trouble focusing during their exams.

4. Use “they” as a singular pronoun

Most of the time, the word “they” refers to a plural antecedent. For example,

Because experienced hikers know that weather conditions can change rapidly, they often

dress in layers.

But using “they” with a singular antecedent is not a new phenomenon, and while it remains

uncommon in formal writing, it has become quite common in speech. In a conversation, many

people would not even notice how “they” is being used here:

Look for the rental car company’s representative at the airport exit; they will be holding a

sign with your name on it.

Some people are strongly opposed to the use of “they” with singular antecedents and are likely to

react badly to writing that uses this approach. Others argue that “they” should be adopted as

English’s standard third-person, gender-neutral pronoun in all writing and speaking contexts.

Keep your audience in mind as you decide whether the singular “they” is a good solution for any

gender-related problems in your writing.

What if you’re not sure of someone’s gender?

You may sometimes find yourself needing to refer to a person whose gender you’re uncertain of.

Perhaps you are writing a paper about the creator of an ancient text or piece of art whose identity

(and therefore gender) is unknown–for example, we are not certain who wrote the 6th-century

epic poem “Beowulf.” Perhaps you’re participating in an online discussion forum where the

participants are known only by usernames like “PurpleOctopus25” or “I Love Big Yellow Fish.”

You could be writing about someone you don’t personally know whose name is not clearly

associated with a particular gender–someone named Sam Smith might be Samuel, Samantha,

Samson, or something else–or the person’s name might be in a language you’re unfamiliar with

(for example, if English is the only language you speak and read, you might have difficulty

guessing the gender associated with a Chinese name). Or maybe you’re discussing a person

whose gender identity has changed (like when athlete Bruce Jenner, who was previously

regarded as a man, became Caitlyn Jenner, a woman) or is fluid. Perhaps your subject does not

fit neatly into the categories of “man” and “woman” or rejects those categories entirely.

In these situations, you may not be able to use “he” or “she”–but “they” also feels a little odd,

since you are talking about a specific individual. Here are some strategies to try in such cases:

• Refer to the person using a descriptive word or phrase: the writer of Beowulf is

frequently referred to as “The Beowulf poet” or (in contexts where “Beowulf” is the only

poem being discussed) “the poet.”

• If the person is known to you only by a username, repeat the username or follow the

standard practices of the forum–PurpleOctopus25 might become Purple or P.O. in

subsequent references. (Advice columnists often use a similar strategy; if “I Love Big

Yellow Fish” wrote to ask for advice, the columnist’s response might begin with “Dear

Fish Lover.”)

• If the person’s name is known, keep using the name rather than substituting a pronoun.

Rephrase as necessary to reduce the number of times you must repeat it: “Blogger Sam

Smith’s cats have apparently destroyed Smith’s furniture, stolen Smith’s sandwiches, and

terrorized Smith, Smith’s dogs, and Smith’s housemate” could become “Blogger Sam

Smith’s cats have apparently destroyed couches, stolen sandwiches, and terrorized their

human and canine housemates.”

• Do a little research: if you are writing about a public figure of any kind, chances are that

others have also written about that person; you may be able to follow their lead. If you

see multiple practices, imitate the ones that seem most respectful.

If you’re writing about someone you are in contact with, you can ask how that person would like

to be referred to.

What about the content of the paper?

Much discussion about gendered language focuses on choosing the right words, but the kinds of

information writers include or omit can also convey values and assumptions about gender. For

example, think about the ways Barack and Michelle Obama have been presented in the media.

Have you seen many discussions of Barack’s weight, hairstyle, and clothing? Many readers and

viewers have pointed out that the appearance of female public figures (not just politicians, but

actors, writers, activists, athletes, etc.) is discussed more often, more critically, and in far more

detail than the appearance of men in similar roles. This pattern suggests that women’s

appearance matters more than men’s does and is interesting and worthy of attention, regardless

of the context.

Similarly, have you ever noticed patterns in the way that men’s and women’s relationships with

their families are discussed (in person, online, or elsewhere)? When someone describes what a

male parent does for his children as “babysitting” or discusses family leave policies without

mentioning how they apply to men, you may wonder whether the speaker or writer is assuming

that men are not interested in caring for their children.

These kinds of values and assumptions about gender can weaken arguments. In many of your

college writing assignments, you’ll be asked to analyze something (an issue, text, event, etc.) and

make an evidence-based argument about it. Your readers will critique your arguments in part by

assessing the values and assumptions your claims rely on. They may look for evidence of bias,

overgeneralization, incomplete knowledge, and so forth. Critically examining the role that

gender has played in your decisions about the content of your paper can help you make stronger,

more effective arguments that will be persuasive to a wide variety of readers, no matter what

your topic is or what position you take.

-EUPHEMISM

A Euphemism is a polite inoffensive expression, words or phrases replaced for oneconsidered offensive or hurtful that contrarily might be considered bitter, blunt or unpleasantto hear. In short, the term euphemism refers to courteous, unintended expression which is thesubstitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression that replaces words and phrasesconsidered harsh and disrespectful or which suggest something unpleasant.Possibly there is no other word in English for which there are more euphemisms than for theverb “to die.” When someone dies, we say he passed away, passed on or simply passed, he isin a better place now, gone on to his heavenly reward or as the doctor may have said just asthe patient breathed his last breath.Few examples:Collateral damage instead of accidental deathsUse the rest room instead of go to the bathroomBetween jobs instead of unemployedDomestic engineer instead of maidTypes of EuphemismsTo Soften an Expression - Some euphemisms are used to make a blunt or obnoxious truthseem less hard.Examples:Differently abled instead of handicapped or disabledRelocation center instead of prison campLetting someone go instead of firing someoneOn the streets instead of homelessEuphemisms to be Polite - Some euphemisms are used to take the place of words or phrasesone might not want to say in polite circle.Examples:Adult beverages instead of beer or liquorBig-boned instead of heavy or overweightVertically-challenged instead of shortEconomical with the truth instead of liarBetween jobs instead of unemployedEuphemisms to be Impolite - Euphemisms are intentionally a callous or insensitive way ofsaying something. These euphemisms are usually used when being sarcastic or trying tomake light of a serious subject or make it seem less serious.Examples:Bit the dust instead of diedBlow chunks instead of vomitedBit the farm instead of diedRetarded - mentally challengedBlind - visually challengedCrippled - differently abledBald - follicularly challengedPoor - economically marginalizedFat - gravitationally challenged, overweightLazy - motivationally deficientBeggar - panhandler, homeless personCoffin - casketOld age - golden age, golden yearsConfinement - detentionLawyer - attorneySick - indisposed, ill, under the weatherCommon Euphemisms in English• Deaf, or hard of hearing Aurally Challenged• Fat Horizontally challenged• Short Vertically challenged• Stupid Intellectually challenged• Mentally ill Mentally challenged• Someone with disability Differently abled• Totally deaf Hearing impaired• Blind Visually impaired• A Little Thin On Top – it refers to baldness• Categorical Inaccuracy- instead of calling someone liar• Correctional facility- instead of prison• Economical with the truth- instead of liar• Lost his marbles- instead of suffer from mental illness• Over the hill- used for describing someone who is old• Donning the fedora- means stepping out of your fashion comfort zone• Cloning the mammoth- means making futile and risky efforts• Sharing a blintz- means sharing a mutually meaningful and enjoyable activity• Staying on the tractor- means enjoying your retired life• Hand over the coals- means to wait for longer period before complaining about theproblem• Joining the Vikings- means making one last push in your career• Fallen off the back of a lorry- (Stolen)• Lose your lunch- (Vomit)• Tired and over emotional- (Drunk)Euphemisms for “death”• Angels carried him away• Bit the dust• Breathed his last• Called to Our Lord• Cashed in his chips• Climbed the stairway to heaven• Debt we all must pay• Deceased• Deep Six• Departed• Entered eternal rest• Faded away• Flatlined• He is in a better place• He is no more• Kicked the bucket• Laid down his life• He met an untimely end• He met his maker• Passed away• Pass on• He is resting in peace• Succumbed to his injuries• Turn to dust• Went to the Happy Hunting Grounds• Wearing a toe tagInteresting Euphemisms for “Idiot”• A beer short of a six pack• A brick short of a load• A few sandwiches short of a picnic• All brawn and no brains• Dumb as a door knob• Dumb as a stump• Dumber than a bag of rocks• Dumber than a box of hair• Elevator don’t quiet make the top floor• He’s got a leak in his think-tank• Isn’t firing on all thrusters• Infinite space between his ears• Informationally deprived• Intellectually challenged• Landing on one engine• Left hand threaded• Lights not burning too bright• Not the sharpest pencil in the box• Not the sharpest tool in the shed• One turbine short of an airplane• Running about a quart low• Running on empty• Sharp as a bowling ball• Silly sausage• Strong like bear, smart like tractor• The lights are on, but nobody is home.• The wheel’s spinning, but the hamster’s dead• Too dumb to pull his head in before he shuts the window• Too many yards between the goal postsEuphemism in sentences:He is always tired and emotional (drunk).He is a special child (disabled or retarded).You are becoming a little thin on top (bald).Our teacher is in the family way (pregnant).We do not hire mentally challenged (stupid) people.Sam isn't buying a used car, he is purchasing a pre-enjoyed or pre-loved vehicle.Dian's supervisor laid him off because he was unmotivated.Politicians don't commit crimes, they make mistakes.

3-GRAMMAR:-

-TENSE

4-WRITING:-

SOP

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